Background Are thermoregulation and golden hour practices in extremely preterm (EP) infants comparable across the world? This study aims to describe these practices for EP infants based on the neonatal intensive care unit’s (NICUs) geographic region, country’s income status and the lowest gestational age (GA) of infants resuscitated. Methods The Director of each NICU was requested to complete the e-questionnaire between February 2019 and August 2021. Results We received 848 responses, from all geographic regions and resource settings. Variations in most thermoregulation and golden hour practices were observed. Using a polyethylene plastic wrap, commencing humidity within 60 min of admission, and having local protocols were the most consistent practices (>75%). The odds for the following practices differed in NICUs resuscitating infants from 22 to 23 weeks GA compared to those resuscitating from 24 to 25 weeks: respiratory support during resuscitation and transport, use of polyethylene plastic wrap and servo-control mode, commencing ambient humidity >80% and presence of local protocols. Conclusion Evidence-based practices on thermoregulation and golden hour stabilisation differed based on the unit’s region, country’s income status and the lowest GA of infants resuscitated. Future efforts should address reducing variation in practice and aligning practices with international guidelines. Impact A wide variation in thermoregulation and golden hour practices exists depending on the income status, geographic region and lowest gestation age of infants resuscitated. Using a polyethylene plastic wrap, commencing humidity within 60 min of admission and having local protocols were the most consistent practices. This study provides a comprehensive description of thermoregulation and golden hour practices to allow a global comparison in the delivery of best evidence-based practice. The findings of this survey highlight a need for reducing variation in practice and aligning practices with international guidelines for a comparable health care delivery.

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Objective: In cases of suspected neonatal airway obstruction, the ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure is used to secure the airway while a fetus remains on placental circulation. We report indications and outcomes from all EXIT procedures at a tertiary obstetric unit between 1997 and 2020.Method: Retrospective cohort study with data collected from maternal and neonatal medical records.Results: Indications for EXIT procedures were micrognathia (n = 7), lymphatic malformations (n = 5), cervical teratomas (n = 4), goiters (n = 2), and intra-oral epulis (n = 1). Infants with a fetal teratoma were delivered earliest due to 75% presenting with preterm premature rupture of membranes or preterm labor. Low birth weight was found in 75% of these neonates; they did not survive 1 year.Intubation at EXIT occurred for 58% (n = 11) of babies, and six neonates required a tracheostomy. In four cases of fetal micrognathia, the inferior facial angle (IFA) was noted to be <5th centile. All but one micrognathia case had polyhydramnios. Of the total cohort, 75% of neonates were alive at 1 year. Conclusion:Risks for neonatal demise with EXIT include fetal teratoma, low birth weight, and prematurity. Micrognathia has become an increasingly valid indication for the procedure. The combination of polyhydramnios and IFA <5% correlates well with severe airway obstruction and suggests consideration of EXIT. Key points What's already known about this topic?� Ex-utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) remains a potentially life-saving procedure for fetuses with airway obstruction. Indications for EXIT have broadened over the past 20 years. What does the study add?� Fetal teratoma, low birth weight, and prematurity should inform prenatal counseling as predictors for fetal and neonatal mortality.� To improve multidisciplinary management, all neonates with suspected fetal airway obstruction should have ultrasound and MRI imaging.� Micrognathia is now a common indication for EXIT. In cases of micrognathia, inferior facial angle (IFA) <5% in conjunction with polyhydramnios appears predictive of a difficult airway.