Background and objectives: Septomariginal trabeculae or Moderator band is a specialized bridge connecting interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle. It contains Right Bundle branch of HIS, it is also Known to prevent the over distension of the right ventricle. The literature review shows the paucity of articles related to morphological and morphometric evaluation. Since it has a great clinical importance its, further studies become Mandatory. Here we have measured the angle of the Moderator band to its origin from the interventricular septum and the anterior papillary muscle is measured. The superficial marking of Moderator band on the sternocostal surface of the right ventricle is marked. Materials and Methods: 50 Formalin soaked cadaveric Hearts were taken from the department of Anatomy of KSHEMA. 36 Males and 14 Female Hearts were tagged according to ascending order of the age. Moderator band,surface marking on sterocostal surface , the angle with the anterior papillary Muscle ect are Noted. Result: The morphological variations are noted. The results are compared with gender, with the previous results. Conclusion: There is a difference in the course of moderator band. In 60%the moderator band runs downwards and to the right, in 30% it is found to be horizontal and in 10% runs upwards and to the right. The difference is found in males and females.as well. The surface marking of moderator band on sternocostal surface of the heart measures more due to the convexity of the right ventricular surface. This knowledge will help in accurate detection of the moderator band by echocardiography and in surgeries.

BACKGROUND The papillary muscle basal connections have significant clinical implications. Variety of studies done on its morphology and function by various specialists in different departments. A close look on these revealed the interconnections of papillary muscles to one another and to the interventricular septum of both ventricles is related to uncoordinated contractions of papillary muscles, leading to hyper or hypokinesia or prolapse or even its rupture. METHODS Our study done in 25 formalin soaked hearts revealed after the deep and meticulous dissection, reflecting the walls of ventricles laterally the numerous interconnections of papillary muscles at its bases and IVS. Ventricles are opened by inverted ‘L’ shaped incision and its reflected more laterally till all the papillary muscles is visible in one frame after incising the moderator band. The connections were noted, measured, photographed, tabulated, compared with similar studies and analysed with experts with respective fields. RESULTS Almost all the specimens did have the interconnections. Further the post mortem findings of the cardiac related deaths with involvement of papillary muscles suggest damage to such ‘bridges’. The moderator band extensions to the base of right APM, and its extension to the posterior groups is noted in all the specimens. The bridge from the IVS to bases of both the groups of papillary muscles is noted in left ventricle. In90% of specimens the one PPM is found to be loosely connected, more so in left ventricle. CONCLUSIONS We are of a conclusion that such basal interconnections and to the interventricular septum are responsible for rhythmic contractions of papillary muscles of both ventricles. Since the AV valves have to open simultaneously, interconnections becomes mandatory as the impulse has to reach it before it reaches the trabeculae carniae. One of the Posterior papillary muscles is loosely connected to other papillary muscles, may be the reason for its rupture, more so in left ventricle. KEYWORDS Papillary Muscle, Interbasal Connection, Moderator Band, Valvular Prolapse, AV Valves

Background: It was explained that there are very few studies that exist in the literature that assessed the reaction time in young adults. Aims and Objectives: The primary objective of the present study was to assess and compare the auditory and visual reaction time among male and female young adults. The secondary objective was to compare auditory and visual reaction time’s right- and left-hand responses. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 male and female young adults were part of the study after obtaining informed consent. Auditory and visual reaction time was assessed using the RT apparatus manufactured by Anand Agencies, Pune. The instrument can assess visual reaction time for the green and red light and auditory reaction time for tone and click sounds of both right- and left-hand responses. Results: Age and weight were significantly different between males and females, whereas height was not significant. The auditory and visual reaction times were not significantly different between the male and female participants. Conclusion: The present study reveals that there is no significant difference between the auditory and visual reaction time among male and female young adults. There is a need for more detailed studies to testify to the results.

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Introduction: Anatomy of renal arteries and length of infrarenal aorta play a vital role in various renal and aortic vascular interventions and surgical procedures including renal transplantation. Aim: To estimate mean lengths of renal arteries, the vertical distance between origins of both renal arteries, infrarenal aortic lengths, and presence of accessory renal arteries on contrast Computed Tomography (CT) scans. Materials and Methods: A retrospective hospital-based study was conducted at KVG Medical College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India in which contrast enhanced CT scans of the abdomen was performed between October and December 2021. The CT image datasets of 61 individuals were evaluated in the study, of which 45 were males and 16 were females. The arterial phase images were anonymised and loaded in the curved Multiplanar Reformatted (MPR) algorithm. The lengths of both Renal Arteries (RA), vertical distance between origins of both Renal Arteries (RAD), infrarenal Aortic Lengths (AL), and presence of accessory renal arteries were noted. For statistical analysis Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0 was used and Pearson’s Chi-square test and independent t-test were used for calculation. Results: The mean age of the participants was 50.7±7.5 years. Mean right RA was 3.75±1.25 cm and left RA was 2.89±0.98 cm. Right RA was significantly longer than left RA (p=0.019). Mean RAD was 0.61 cm. In 35 cases of (57%) right RA originated at a higher level than the left RA. The mean AL was 9.68±1.18 cm. Accessory renal arteries were seen in nine of cases (14.8%). Conclusion: The mean measurements obtained can provide vital guidance during renal and aortic surgeries and vascular interventions.