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Effluent generated by the textile industry can be highly coloured. Before the waste is disposed into receiving waters, colour removal is an important consideration. Because of their complex molecular structures, dyes present in the textile wastewater are not removed easily by conventional wastewater treatment processes. They are fairly stable to light, as well as heat, and resist biodegradation, thus posing a challenge to conventional physico‐chemical and biological treatment methods. Although adsorption technology using activated carbon has been considered to be an effective and proven technology, it has its limitations as it is expensive and necessitates regeneration. As cost is an important consideration in most developing countries, efforts have been made to explore the possibility of using various low‐cost alternatives that are biodegradable, abundant, readily available, and are derived from waste materials. This article is a compilation of the investigations carried out by numerous researchers (from 2002 onwards) on the effective use of different kinds of low‐cost adsorbents for the removal of specific dyes from textile wastewater.

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Background: Due to progress in science and technology, several harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are synthesized and released into the environment. In the present investigation, a phenanthrene-and pyrene-degrading white rot fungi Ganoderma lucidum strain CCG1 was isolated from the Janjgir Champa district of Chhattisgarh, India, and then the degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene was estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: It was found that G. lucidum able to degrade 99.65% of 20 mg/L of phenanthrene and 99.58% of pyrene in mineral salt broth after 30th day of incubation at 27 °C. G. lucidum produced significant amounts (p < 0.0001) of ligninolytic enzymes (Laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase) in the phenanthrene-and pyrenecontaining mineral salt broth. G. lucidum produced maximum 10,788.00 U/L laccase, 3283.00 U/L Lignin peroxidase and 47,444.00 U/L Manganese peroxidase enzymes in the presence of phenanthrene and produced maximum 10,166.00 U/L laccase, 3613.00 U/L lignin peroxidase and 50,977.00 U/L manganese peroxidase enzymes in the presence of pyrene. Therefore, G. lucidum will be a potent phenanthrene and pyrene degrader from the environment.

When fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was challenged with gold ions under ambient aqueous conditions gold nanoparticles were formed within 90 minutes. Controlling experimental conditions like the age of fungus, incubation temperature and different concentration of gold chloride solution had drastic effect on the morphology of the nanoparticles formed. The enzyme assays indicated the role of enzyme as a reducing and shape directing agent. Laccase was the dominating enzyme in the case of fungal media for the synthesis of extracellular gold nanoparticles. Ligninase was responsible for the intracellular formation of nanoparticles on the fungal mycelium. The stabilization of the nanoparticles (NPs) via protein layer was evident by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) which revealed the nanoparticles to be spherical in the range of 10 -100 nm. This study represents an important advancement in the use of fungal enzymes for the biosynthesis of highly stable gold nanoparticles by a green and mild technique in one pot in aqueous media.