This article examines access to justice for victims of the Southeast Asian haze pollution within the legal system of Indonesia as the source-of-origin state. It argues that bringing civil claims against the polluting companies before Indonesian courts offers a more effective avenue towards justice than relying on resolution at the level of state to state. The article first discusses barriers to resolving the problem through the state-to-state level. It then considers whether, under international law, the source-of-origin state is obliged to provide remedies for victims of transboundary environmental damage. The article then reviews the efficacy of pursuing remedies for transboundary civil claims against polluters through the legal system of the source-of-origin state. Finally, the article considers the limitations of the laws of the affected states, which, as a consequence, mean that transboundary civil litigation in the source-of-origin state may be the most effective avenue for redress.

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Like many countries, Indonesia generates large quantities of food waste. Food waste is poorly managed due to inadequate treatment practices, which has a harmful impact on the environment. This paper demonstrates the high potential for food waste valorization in Indonesia and outlines the optimal valorization pathways to inform future decision-making surrounding the management of this waste. This paper also compares various conversion technologies for transforming food waste into liquid, solid, and gaseous biofuels. The challenges and opportunities for wider implementation are also considered, including the integration of supply chains and the logistics of food waste management, the technological feasibility, and the persistent behaviors surrounding food waste and energy in Indonesia. The economic and environmental benefits, the perspectives of improved food waste management practices and sustainable fuels, as well as the policy landscape surrounding waste and sustainable energy are also explored. The challenges of scalability and commercialization are also highlighted in this paper. This review demonstrates the best pathways from food waste valorization to bioenergy, including biogas or biodiesel integrated with a black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) composting system. Despite the scale of resources in Indonesia, the pathways and technologies for processing food waste are lacking. Further in-depth studies are required to demonstrate the sustainability and feasibility of food waste transformation into bioenergy to realize its high value.

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This paper aims to analyze the recognition of access to environmental justice in Indonesia with a case study on mining for cement located in Kendeng Mountains. As mining is commonly known to have significant harmful effects to rural activities, it is important to portray the current rules of public engagement in environmental decision-making. Do people have access to environmental information? Are they really involved in the process of decisionmaking? Here, we can see whether the involvement of rural communities is meaningful or not. With a case study of mining for cement in Kendeng Mountains, it can be depicted some potential injustice due to the construction of cement plant, including affected rural activities. Then, it is followed by a discussion of legal actions that can be taken by rural societies in order to find remedies for their potential losses. S ubsequently, it can be seen how far people have a right to environmental remedies. The result of this case study, therefore illustrates how environmental justice is difficult to achieve in spite of the availability of access to environmental justice.