Previous studies suggested that preschoolers have already behaved prosocially. However,there is a possibility that such insight cannot be generalized since there is a conflictingassumption between different theoretical perspectives. The research aimed to explorewhether pre-schoolers’ perspective-taking in the context of prosocial behavior had developed.Our participants were 25 preschoolers who were 5-6 years old. The result showed that fromthe three types of perspective-taking, which were perceptual, cognitive, and affectiveperspective-taking, affective perspective-taking was undeveloped optimally among themajority of pre-schoolers. They had difficulty when identified others’ emotions in the context,especially in prosocial situations. For cognitive perspective-taking, preschoolers understoodother people’s thoughts, intentions, and motives, but only when the environmental cues weresimple. When the situation was more complex, their efforts to understand other people’sthoughts, intentions, or motives resulting in different understanding about the situations.Preschoolers’ ability to do perceptual perspective-taking had developed. They could shift theirperceptual perspective-taking from themselves to other perceptual perspective-taking. Theresults can be used as a reference for developing intervention programs to improveperspective-taking skills in contexts of prosocial behavior in preschool children.

Introduction: Oral hygiene is one of the most critical factor in maintaining oral health. Depression symptoms may affect an individual’s oral health due to poor health behaviour, making depressed individuals prone to oral diseases such as caries and periodontal diseases. This study was aimed to obtain the oral hygiene status overview of depressed patients in West Java Psychiatric Hospital. Methods: This study was an observational descriptive with a cross-sectional approach to depressed patients (F.32 ICD Code). The measuring instrument used was Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S). Based on OHI-S, oral hygiene can be assessed into poor within 3.0 – 6.0 score point, fair within 1.3-3.0 score point, or good within 0.0 – 1.2 score point. Results: There were 30 respondents recruited using a purposive sampling method. Based on the plaque index, 1 respondent (3%) fell into good category, 23 respondents (77%) fell into the fair category, and 6 respondents (20%) fell into poor category. Based on the calculus index, 7 respondents (23%) fell into good category, 10 respondents (60%) fell into the fair category, and 5 respondents (17%) fell into poor category. Based on OHI-S, 2 respondents (7%) fell into the good category, 18 respondents (60%) fell into the fair category, and 10 respondents (33%) fell into poor category. Conclusion: Oral hygiene in-dex of depressed patients was categorised as fair.