The sensors are effectively used in the determination of Hq and Cat in a real water sample.

We constructed a catechol detection biosensor that is enzyme-free and extremely selective using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a copper-polypyrrole (Cu-PPy) composite.

Uncertainties in human health risk assessment, and the measuring on the impacts of contaminants have attracted great concern. Uncertainties, source-to-outcome, exposure assessment, hazard and risk characterisations are a number of techniques that have been applied to maximize results. Experts’ opinions and quantitative tools have been applied to narrow the gap between data and rules for regulatory purposes. Bio monitoring information, in vitro data streams and computational toxicology are major areas for human health risk assessment. A need for a biomarkers data bank is of utmost need to minimize uncertainties in the toxicological environmental human health risk assessment field.