Computed tomography (CT) scans were performed on samples of an outburst-prone coal seam at different loading stages. The area and roundness of the CT images were used to quantify the degree of the coal macroscopic deformation under different loads. A spatial matching algorithm was used to calculate the three-dimensional (3D) displacement fields of different regions of interest (ROIs, containing primary fractures, minerals, and only coal) under different loads. The presence of fractures and minerals were found to promote and inhibit displacement, respectively, and the 3D displacement field data followed a normal distribution. A meshfree numerical simulation was used to determine the 3D maximum principal stress, shear stress and displacement fields under different loads. The following results were obtained: fractures and minerals significantly affect the stress state and displacement field distribution features, the maximum principal stresses and shear stresses in different matrices differ significantly, and the presence of minerals and fractures induce a prevalent shear stress in coal and make coal prone to stress concentration.