No abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC), belonging to chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), has increasing morbidity (Pang et al., 2021), especially in the developing countries (Nascimento et al., 2020). UC is a frequently-occurring disease between the age of 30 and 40 (Armuzzi & Liguori, 2021) and is characterized by a long disease course and repeated attacks. UC patients may suffer from bloody stool and diarrhea (Armuzzi & Liguori, 2021), furthermore, UC is not only a physical disease, but also cause psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and fatigue (Nowakowski et al., 2016). Currently, aminosalicylic acid preparations (e.g., mesalazine, sulfasalazine), corticosteroids (e.g., prednisolone), immunosuppressants, and biological agents are the most typical drugs for UC. However, the safety, efficacy, and expensive