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To explore the mechanism underlying the relationship between nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions and different nitrogen (N) application rates, we conducted a 2-year-round field experiment comprising seven vegetable crop seasons by using static chamber-gas chromatographic techniques in a continuously cultivated vegetable cropping system in Southeastern China. The results showed that N application significantly affected the N 2 O emissions. The cumulative N 2 O emissions amounted to 16.9 AE 1.9, 25.2 AE 2.2, 30.0 AE 1.9, 36.7 AE 1.5, and 48.1 AE 2.2 kg N ha À1 y À1 for the five N application rates at 0, 370, 740, 1110, 1480 kg N ha À1 y À1 , respectively. Both linear and exponential relationship was observed between cumulative N 2 O emissions and N application rates. The emission factors ranged from 1.8 AE 0.1 to 2.3 AE 0.6% and averaged 2.0 AE 0.3%. The treatment receiving 2/3 of the conventional N fertilizer amount led to the lowest yield-scaled N 2 O emissions. Therefore, according to this study the recommended N application rate should be reduced by one-third for N 2 O mitigation while enhancing vegetable production in Southeastern China.

One-dimensional (1D) hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanorods have been successfully prepared using a chemical precipitation method. The sample was characterized by using a variety of techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The results showed that the nanorods obtained were monocrystalline, with an average diameter of about 60nm and a length of up to 800nm. In the preparation of α-Fe2O3, the length of α-Fe2O3 seemed to increase with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the diameter seemed to decrease with the addition of Zn2+. Nanorods of α-Fe2O3 with a smaller diameter and superior slenderness ratio were prepared by adding both PEG and Zn2+. A possible growth mechanism effect of PEG and Zn2+ upon the morphology of α-Fe2O3 was as follows: α-FeOOH grew in a one-dimensioned orientation upon the surface of a polyethylene glycol template. In the meantime, the Fe3+ position in the α-FeOOH crystal was substituted by Zn2+; resulting in point defects in α-FeOOH crystal due to the radius discrepancy between Zn2+ and Fe3+. The growth-step energy was then reduced as a result of the point defects in the α-FeOOH crystal. The results of magnetic measurements of the hematite nanorods revealed a weak ferromagnetic property which might be related to the shape anisotropy.

The future development of tourism marketing should focus on marketing model for the Chinese market through the use of reasonable technical, find a more accurate, more effective way of marketing to product higher profit margins, but also provide more personalized of the product for consumers, and ultimately achieve long-term growth of tourism economy.This paper discuss the innovation of e-commerce tourism in following four aspects: the innovation of marketing model based on travel agency characteristics, the application of marketing method based on media characteristics, The evaluation innovation of travel agency based on marketing mix model and the innovation of marketing model of travel agency.

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