No abstract

Apodemus is the most common small rodent species in the Palearctic realm and an ideal species for biogeographical research and understanding environmental changes. Elucidating phylogenetic relationships will help us better understand species adaptation and genetic evolution. Due to its stable structure, maternal inheritance, and rapid evolution, the mitogenome has become a hot spot for taxonomic and evolutionary studies. In this research, we determined the mitochondrial genome of Apodemus agrarius ningpoensis and Apodemus draco draco and studied the phylogeny of Muridae using ML and BI trees based on all known complete mitogenomes. The mitochondrial genome of Apodemus agrarius ningpoensis was 16,262 bp, whereas that of Apodemus draco draco was 16,222 bp, and both encoded 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. Analysis of base composition showed a clear A-T preference. All tRNAs except tRNASer and tRNALys formed a typical trilobal structure. All protein-coding genes contained T- and TAA as stop codons. Phylogeny analysis revealed two main branches in the Muridae family. Apodemus agrarius ningpoensis formed sister species with Apodemus chevrieri, whereas Apodemus draco draco with Apodemus latronum. Our findings provide theoretical basis for future studies focusing on the mitogenome evolution of Apodemus.

This study investigates the dynamic trading network structure of the international crude oil and gas market from year 2012 to 2017. We employed the dynamical similarity analysis at different time scales by inducing a multiscale embedding for dimensionality reduction. This analysis quantifies the effect of a global event on the dependencies and correlation stability at both the country and world level, which covers the top 53 countries. The response of China’s trading structure toward events after the unexpected 2014 price drop is compared with other major traders. China, as the world’s largest importing country, lacks strong stability under global events and could be greatly affected by a supply shortage, especially in the gas market. The trend of multi-polarization on the market share gives a chance for China to construct closer relationships with more stable exporters and join in the trade loop of major countries to improve its position in the energy trading networks. The hidden features of trade correlation may provide a deeper understanding of the robustness of relationship and risk resistance.