The Dynesys, a flexible posterior stabilization system that provides an alternative to fusion, is designed to preserve intersegmental kinematics and alleviate loading at the facet joints. Recent biomechanical evidence suggests that the overall range of motion (ROM) with the Dynesys is less than the intact spine. The purpose of this investigation was to conduct a comprehensive characterization of the three-dimensional kinematic behaviour of the Dynesys and determine if the length of the Dynesys polymer spacer contributes to differences in the kinematic behaviour at the implanted level. Ten cadaveric lumbar spine segments (L2-L5) were tested by applying a pure moment of +/-7.5 Nm in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation, with and without a follower preload of 600 N. Test conditions included: (a) intact; (b) injury; (c) injury stabilized with Dynesys at L3-L4 (standard spacer); (d) long spacer (+2 mm); and (e) short spacer (-2 mm). Intervertebral rotations were measured using an optoelectronic camera system. The intersegmental range of motion (ROM), neutral zone (NZ), and three-dimensional helical axis of motion (HAM) were calculated. Statistical significance of changes in ROM, NZ, and HAM was determined using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc analysis with P<0.05. Implantation of the standard length Dynesys significantly reduced ROM compared to the intact and injured specimens, with the least significant changes seen in axial rotation. Injury typically increased the NZ, but implantation of the Dynesys restored the NZ to a magnitude less that that of the intact spine. The Dynesys produced a significant posterior shift in the HAM in flexion-extension and axial rotation. The spacer length had a significant effect on ROM with the long spacer resulting in the largest ROM in all loading directions without a follower preload. The largest differences were in axial rotation. A 4 mm increase in spacer length led to an average intersegmental motion increase of 30% in axial rotation, 23% in extension, 14% in flexion, and 11% in lateral bending. There were no significant changes in NZ with different spacer lengths. Typically, the short spacer caused a greater shift and a greater change in orientation of the HAM than the long spacer. The long spacer resulted in a ROM and a motion pattern, as represented by the HAM, that was closer to that seen in an intact specimen. The results of this study suggest that the length of the Dynesys spacer altered the segmental position and therefore affected kinematic behaviour.

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The TFAS allowed considerable motion in all directions tested, with ROM being less than the intact in flexion and lateral bending, and greater than the intact in axial rotation. The helical axis of motion with the TFAS was not different from intact in flexion-extension and lateral bending, but it was shifted anteriorly in axial rotation. The kinematics of the TFAS were more similar to the intact spine than were the kinematics of the posterior fixation when applied to a destabilized lumbar spine.