Background and Purpose-We aimed to establish the prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) in China by a large, prospective, multicenter study. Methods-We evaluated 2864 consecutive patients who experienced an acute cerebral ischemia <7 days after symptom onset in 22 Chinese hospitals. All patients underwent magnetic resonance angiography, with measurement of diameter of the main intracranial arteries. ICAS was defined as ≥50% diameter reduction on magnetic resonance angiography. Results-The prevalence of ICAS was 46.6% (1335 patients, including 261 patients with coexisting extracranial carotid stenosis). Patients with ICAS had more severe stroke at admission and stayed longer in hospitals compared with those without intracranial stenosis (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 3 versus 5; median length of stay, 14 versus 16 days; both P<0.0001). After 12 months, recurrent stroke occurred in 3.27% of patients with no stenosis, in 3.82% for those with 50% to 69% stenosis, in 5.16% for those with 70% to 99% stenosis, and in 7.27% for those with total occlusion. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses showed that the degree of arterial stenosis, age, family history of stroke, history of cerebral ischemia or heart disease, complete circle of Willis, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at admission were independent predictors for recurrent stroke at 1 year. The highest rate of recurrence was observed in patients with occlusion with the presence of ≥3 additional risk factors. Conclusions-ICAS is the most common vascular lesion in patients with cerebrovascular disease in China. Recurrent stroke rate in our study was lower compared with those of previous clinical trials but remains unacceptably high in a subgroup of patients with severe stenosis. (Stroke. 2014;45:663-669.)

S pontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10% to 15% of all strokes and is one of the leading causes of stroke-related mortality and morbidity worldwide. Patients with ICH are generally at risk of developing stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) during acute hospitalization. Evidence has shown that SAP not only increases the length of hospital stay (LOS) and medical cost 1,2 but also is an important risk factor of mortality and morbidity after acute stroke. 3,4 Several risk factors for SAP have been identified, such as older age, 4-12 male sex, 5,6,10,11,13 current smoking, 12 diabetes mellitus, 6 hypertension, 14 atrial fibrillation, 7,10,12 congestive heart failure, 7,12,13,15 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 8,[12][13][14] preexisting dependency, 8,12,13,16 stroke severity, 5,6,8,12,17,18 dysphagia, [8][9][10][11][12]14,[18][19][20] and blood glucose. 12 Meanwhile, based on these risk factors, a few risk models have been developed for SAP after acute ischemic stroke. [8][9][10][11][12] Currently, no valid scoring system is available for predicting SAP after ICH in routine clinical practice or clinical trial. We hypothesized that there might be some common grounds for the development of pneumonia after acute ischemic stroke and ICH, and those predictors for SAP after acute ischemic stroke might also be useful for predicting SAP after ICH. For clinical practice, an effective risk-stratification and prognostic model for SAP after ICH would be helpful to identify vulnerable patients, allocate relevant medical resources, and implement tailored preventive strategies. In addition, for clinical trial, it could be used in nonrandomized studies to control for case-mix variation and in controlled studies as a selection criterion.Background and Purpose-We aimed to develop a risk score (intracerebral hemorrhage-associated pneumonia score, ICH-APS) for predicting hospital-acquired stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) after ICH. Methods-The ICH-APS was developed based on the China National Stroke Registry (CNSR), in which eligible patients were randomly divided into derivation (60%) and validation (40%) cohorts. Variables routinely collected at presentation were used for predicting SAP after ICH. For testing the added value of hematoma volume measure, we separately developed 2 models with (ICH-APS-B) and without (ICH-APS-A) hematoma volume included. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, and integrated discrimination index were used to assess model discrimination, calibration, and reclassification, respectively. Results-The SAP was 16.4% and 17.7% in the overall derivation (n=2998) and validation (n=2000) cohorts, respectively.A 23-point ICH-APS-A was developed based on a set of predictors and showed good discrimination in the overall derivation (AUROC, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0. Ji et al Risk Score to Predict SAP After ICH 2621In the study, we aimed to ...

Human-computer interaction-based comprehensive training may improve cognitive functions among cognitively impaired elderly individuals. The training effect was most prominent among those with milder cerebral atrophy.

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