In the field of drug delivery, there is growing concern over the self-assembly of fatty acids, since their structures and properties are similar to liposomes, which are characteristically nontoxic for humans, possess good biocompatibility and biodegradation, and are without immunogenicity. Changes in pH, temperature, concentration, molecular structure of the amphiphilic molecule, head group type and hydrocarbon chain length have significant effects on the self-assembled structures; however, the degree of unsaturation can also influence the self-assembled structures of fatty acids. The aggregation behaviors of the mixtures of arginine and three kinds of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) in aqueous solutions have been investigated. Phase transition from transparent micelles (L 1 phase) to birefringent bilayer structures (L a phase) occurred with increasing amounts of UFAs. However, the L a phase was different for macro and micro structures. Oleic acid with only one double bond was regarded as less flexible and curved, but with higher stacking, leading to a gradual phase transition process from the vesicle phase to the stacked lamellar phase in the L a phase region, which could be proved by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and polarizing microscopy observations combined with 2 H-nuclear magnetic resonance ( 2 H NMR) and rheological properties. The turbid vesicle phase with weak viscoelastic properties were only observed in linoleic acid and linolenic acid systems because UFAs with more than one double bond are easier to bend, indicating that highly curved vesicles are likely to form. Through the analysis of the proposed mechanism and FT-IR spectra, the synergistic effects of non-covalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and hydrophobicity, were considered to be responsible for the aggregation behaviors. Finally, vesicles displayed their potential in encapsulating water-soluble model drugs such as calcein. The results show that drug-loaded vesicles could play a role in the potential applications in drug sustained delivery systems.

Fatty acids (FAs) are one of the important factors that can influence cell growth and membrane composition. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of supplementing MLM growth medium with C18 free fatty acids (C-FFAs), including stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and linolenic (C18:3) acid, on the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum CICC21001 by forming ion pairs with lysine to increase the solubility of FAs in liquid medium. The utilization of C-FFAs was further confirmed by GC-FID. The investigation of cell properties, including cell surface hydrophobicity and zeta potential, was carried out for the modified L. plantarum and control group (non-supplementation). Furthermore, cell survival was measured in real time under heat (at 55 and 62 °C for 5 min), acid (pH 2.2), and bile salt stress. Our results indicated that the action of L. plantarum was modulated by assimilating C-FFAs. This study suggested that C-FFAs altered the life cycles and physiochemical properties of L. plantarum, which provided a guideline for probiotics production and their medical application.