No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

'Tooth-coloured' ProRoot MTA is an endodontic cement comprising an 80:20 wt% mixture of white Portland cement (WPC) and bismuth oxide. The setting reactions within this cement system are not currently well understood. Accordingly, this research monitors the early hydration chemistry of ProRoot MTA by X-ray diffraction, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, and isothermal calorimetry. The initial rate of hydration is rapid with 40% having reacted within the first 24 h; it then slows considerably such that within 3 days the hydration reactions are 58% complete and only increase by a further 1% within one week. The relatively fast reaction of alite to form C-S-H gel and portlandite, and the development of the calcium aluminosulphate phases, are as would be anticipated for the hydration of pure WPC. These findings confirm that bismuth oxide is an inert additive which does not participate in the hydration reactions.