Analyzing the trends in the spatial distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in riverine surface water enables better understanding of the hydromorphological properties of its watersheds and the associated processes. Thus, it is critical to identify an appropriate method to quantify spatio-temporal variability in SSC. This study aims to estimate SSC in a highly turbid river, i.e., the Red River in Northern Vietnam, using Landsat 8 (L8) images. To do so, in situ radiometric data together with SSC at 60 sites along the river were measured on two different dates during the dry and wet seasons. Analyses of the in situ data indicated strong correlations between SSC and the band-ratio of green and red channels, i.e., r-squared = 0.75 and a root mean square error of~0.3 mg/L. Using a subsample of in situ radiometric data (n = 30) collected near-concurrently with one L8 image, four different atmospheric correction methods were evaluated. Although none of the methods provided reasonable water-leaving reflectance spectra (ρ w ), it was found that the band-ratio of the green-red ratio is less sensitive to uncertainties in the atmospheric correction for mapping SSC compared to individual bands. Therefore, due to its ease of access, standard L8 land surface reflectance products available via U.S. Geological Survey web portals were utilized. With the empirical relationship derived, we produced Landsat-derived SSC distribution maps for a few images collected in wet and dry seasons within the 2013-2017 period. Analyses of image products suggest that (a) the Thao River is the most significant source amongst the three major tributaries (Lo, Da and Thao rivers) providing suspended load to the Red River, and (b) the suspended load in the rainy season is nearly twice larger than that in the dry season, and it correlates highly with the runoff (correlation coefficient = 0.85). Although it is demonstrated that the atmospheric correction in tropical areas over these sediment-rich waters present major challenges in the retrievals of water-leaving reflectance spectra, the study signifies the utility of band-ratio techniques for quantifying SSC in highly turbid river waters. With Sentinel-2A/B data products combined with those of Landsat-8, it would be possible to capture temporal variability in major river systems in the near future.
In this paper, we propose a fast primal-dual algorithm for solving bilaterally constrained total variation minimization problems which subsume the bilaterally constrained total variation image deblurring model and the two-phase piecewise constant Mumford-Shah image segmentation model. The presence of the bilateral constraints makes the optimality conditions of the primal-dual problem semi-smooth which can be solved by a semi-smooth Newton's method superlinearly. But the linear system to solve at each iteration is very large and difficult to precondition. Using a primal-dual active-set strategy, we reduce the linear system to a much smaller and better structured one so that it can be solved efficiently by conjugate gradient with an approximating inverse preconditioner. Locally superlinear convergence results are derived for the proposed algorithm. Numerical experiments are also provided for both deblurring and segmentation problems. In particular, for the deblurring problem, we show that the addition of the bilateral constraints to the total variation model improves the quality of the solutions.
Mục tiêu: Mô tả một số đặc điểm mạch máu vùng chậu và tìm hiểu một số yếu tố liên quan đến xơ vữa động mạch chậu của người nhận thận từ người cho sống tại Bệnh viện Quân y 103. Đối tượng và phương pháp: Gồm 127 bệnh nhân được phẫu thuật ghép thận từ người cho sống từ tháng 12/2019 đến 12/2020. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: tiến cứu, mô tả cắt ngang, thuần tập không đối chứng. Kết quả: Gồm 127 bệnh nhân tuổi từ 18 đến 66, tỷ lệ nam / nữ: 88/39 (69,3%/30,7%). Trên siêu âm Doppler: đường kích trung bình ĐM chậu trong: 6,27 ± 1,32 mm; ĐM chậu ngoài: 7,57 ± 1,15 mm; ĐM chậu chung: 9,81 ± 1,70 mm. Có 14 trường hợp xơ vữa ĐM chậu trước phẫu thuật. Trong phẫu thuật: thành ĐM dày, cứng: ĐMCT 2,36%, ĐMCN: 0,79%; vữa xơ ĐMCT + ĐMCN: 14 ca (11,02%); vữa xơ + dày, cứng thành mạch có 5 ca (3,94%). TM chậu ngoài: có huyết khối 3 trường hợp (2,36%); thành TMCN xơ cứng, teo nhỏ: 1 trường hợp (0,79%). Tỷ lệ xơ vữa động mạch tăng theo tuổi và thời gian chạy thận nhân tạo. Kết luận: Trên siêu âm Doppler: đường kích trung bình động mạch chậu trong: 6,27 ± 1,32 mm; động mạch chậu ngoài: 7,57 ± 1,15 mm, vữa xơ động mạch chậu: 11,02%. Đặc điểm mạch chậu trong phẫu thuật: thành động mạch dày, cứng: 3,15%, có mảng vữa xơ trong lòng mạch: 14,96%. Tĩnh mạch chậu ngoài: có huyết khối: 2,36%, thành tĩnh mạch chậu ngoài xơ cứng, teo nhỏ: 0,79%. Tỷ lệ xơ vữa động mạch tăng theo tuổi và thời gian chạy thận nhân tạo. Đặc điểm mạch chậu của người nhận thận có ảnh hưởng đến kỹ thuật khâu nối mạch máu trong ghép thận.
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