Structures subjected to earthquake ground motions may be subjected to one or more aftershocks within a short period following the occurrence of the principal earthquake shock. Strong aftershocks have the potential to cause extensive structural damage, property losses and injuries to building occupants. This paper investigates the potential for aftershocks to cause additional damage to steel moment frame buildings, and provides a probabilistic description of structural damage states prior to and following those aftershocks. Statistics of structural response and damage states for steel frame buildings subjected to main shock-aftershock sequences are calculated using the enhanced uncoupled modal response history analysis (EUMRHA) method, a modification of an efficient and accurate method for predicting nonlinear response of frames. The frame connections are modelled by a moment-rotation relationship that takes brittle fracture of the connection welds into account. Damage accumulation is analysed in terms of a normalized 'damage ratio' and maximum inter-storey drift. Simple probabilistic tools are proposed for purposes of rapid structural evaluation and condition assessment of damaged buildings.in which the conditional standard deviation of the logarithm of regressed on M m is 0.41. In the second instance, the mean of N a (3.0) in Equation (1) becomesin which the conditional standard deviation of the logarithm of N a regressed on M m is 0.79. It has been observed [5] that the first aftershock causes greater damage to buildings than do later aftershocks of similar magnitude. This observation also is consistent with the analysis by Lee and Foutch [4], who found that the repetition of 'identical' earthquake ground motions causes

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Traditional cancer therapeutics have been criticized due to various adverse effects and insufficient damage to targeted tumors. The breakthrough of nanoparticles provides a novel approach for upgrading traditional treatments and diagnosis. Actually, nanoparticles can not only solve the shortcomings of traditional cancer diagnosis and treatment, but also create brand-new perspectives and cutting-edge devices for tumor diagnosis and treatment. However, most of the research about nanoparticles stays in vivo and in vitro stage, and only few clinical researches about nanoparticles have been reported. In this review, we first summarize the current applications of nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment. After that, we propose the challenges that hinder the clinical applications of NPs and provide feasible solutions in combination with the updated literature in the last two years. At the end, we will provide our opinions on the future developments of NPs in tumor diagnosis and treatment.

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