ABSTRACT. Wheat is notorious for callus induction, which is a major hindrance in direct gene transfer and consequently for genetic improvement programs. In order to provide a successful platform for gene transformation, good callus quantity and quality is important. We investigated the variation in callus induction capabilities of Pakistani wheat cultivars and measured the reducing sugar content in the induced calluses. Ten elite wheat varieties, developed and cultivated in Pakistan were selected on the basis of agronomic and stress tolerance parameters. Significant differences were found between and among wheat cultivars for callus induction response, shoot length and callus quality. The callus induction responses of Punjab-81, Punjab-96 and Zarghoon-79 were found to be the best among the 10 varieties. The induced calluses were of two types, embryogenic (hard) and non-embryogenic (soft). The seeds gave good germination. The highest reducing sugar concentration was found in cultivar , which needs to be tested for stress resistance, a measure of its utility for genetic engineering programs. The relative callus induction rate and reducing sugar content of the wheat cultivars were found to be genotype-dependent.

We know little about the relationships that matter to emerging adults. This preregistered report elaborates our plan to survey 200 emerging adults (approximately half male) to better understand the role of significant others. First, we plan to ask emerging adults to list individuals who matter and we will code the open-ended text for relationship type. Second, we will use an adapted version of Schneck’s (2009) Mattering Scale to assess mattering among five common close relationships (i.e., mother figure, father figure, partner, best friend, sibling). We predict that mattering of partner and best friend will be highest, mothers will matter more than fathers, and siblings will matter least. We hypothesize failing to mention a relationship in the open-ended portion will be related to lower mattering of that relationship. Finally, we anticipate better well being and less loneliness when the list of those who matter is longer and when significant others matter more.