This investigation was conducted to determine the contents of some heavy metals in milk samples collected from three different regions, an industrial region, a rural and heavy traffic intensity region around Bursa, a province of Turkey. A total of 75 raw milk samples were collected from these different regions, and the contents of lead, arsenic, copper, zinc, mercury and iron were determined. The average amounts in the samples from these three regions were for Pb 0.032, 0.049, 0.018 mg/kg; for As 0.05, 0.009, 0.0002 mg/kg; for Zu 4.49, 5.01, 3.77 mg/kg; for Cu 0.58, 0.96, 0.39 mg/kg; for Fe 1.78, 4.27, 1.01 mg/kg, while no mercury was detected in the samples. The highest heavy metal content was found in the milk samples collected from industrial region followed by traffic intensive region and rural region.
The last period of international trade in goods covers a process carried out with globalization and regionalization efforts. Many countries, on the one hand, take part in arrangements that are executed under the leadership by global actors and aim at removing or reducing conventional obstacles to international trade, on the other hand, participate in various and regional economic integrations to provide a more deep and comprehensive economic cooperation and to cope with the competition and trade restrictions which continually increasing due to political, commercial and economical motives. Trade relations between Turkey and Russian Federation is an important element of the two countries' multidimensional cooperation. The most effective attempt to raise the top level of the volume and quality of existing commercial relationships will be the signing and putting into practice of a comprehensive free trade agreements between the two countries that have not been done previously. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential effects of such a free trade agreements between Turkey and Russian Federation in terms of trade in goods between two countries. To this end, in this study, theoretical aspects of free trade agreements' effects and place within regional integration types will be considered the impact of the possible Turkey-Russia free trade agreement will be examined in a framework of basic provisions with customs duties that set out in free trade agreements, recent trade data and key issues related to these countries.
ÖZDış ticaretteki nitelik değişimi ve hacim artışı, gümrük idarelerin görevlerinde de değişime ve gelişime neden olmuştur. Ülkeler arasındaki eşya hareketinin basit, hızlı fakat denetim altında gerçekleşmesi, ticaret politikası önlemlerinin etkin şekilde uygulanması, gümrük vergilerinin tam olarak tahsili ile çevre, tüketiciler, canlılar, kültürel miras ve fikri mülkiyet hakları gibi dış ticaretle bağlantılı unsurların korunması açısından ilgili kişilerce hem ulusal hem de uluslararası düzeydeki birçok ilke ve kuralın tam olarak yerine getirilmesi şarttır. Bu ilke ve kurallara uyumun sağlanması, ne ölçüde uyulduğunun tespiti ve gerekiyorsa yaptırıma bağlanması, gümrük işlemlerinin çeşitli aşamalarında belirli yöntemlerle yapılan gümrük denetimi yoluyla gerçekleşmektedir. Çalışmamızda, ülkemizdeki mevzuat düzenlemeleri göz önünde bulundurularak, kavramsal yönü, kapsamı, süreci, yöntemi ve denetime yetkili kişiler açısından gümrük denetimi analiz edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Dış ticaret, gümrük, gümrük vergileri, vergi denetimi, gümrük denetimi. ABSTRACTTransformation and growth in foreign trade area leads to change and development in the task of customs administrations as well. Besides the movement of goods among countries in a simply, rapidly manner but under the control, the effective implementation of trade policy measures and the properly collection of customs duties, protection of various foreign trade components such as environment, consumers, species, protection of cultural heritage and intellectual property rights depend on condition of fully implementation of national and international principles and rules by those who deal with. Ensuring compliance with these principles and rules, detection to what extent carried out imposing sanctions, if necessary are ensured by customs audit at the verious stage of custmos procedures and through certain * 27/10/1999 tarihli ve 4458 sayılı Gümrük Kanununun (4458 s. Kanun) ilk halinde gümrük denetimi kavramına yer verilmiş ve kavram; "gümrük mevzuatına ve gereken hallerde gümrük gözetimi altındaki eşyaya uygulanacak diğer hükümlere uyulmasını sağlamak üzere eşyanın muayenesi, belgelerin varlığının ve gerçekliğinin kanıtlanması, işletme hesaplarının, defterlerinin ve diğer yazılı belgelerin tetkiki, nakil araçlarının kontrolü, bagajların ve kişilerin yanlarında ya da üstlerinde taşıdıkları eşyanın kontrolü, idari araştırmalar ve benzeri diğer işlemlerin yapılması gibi özel işlemlerin yerine getirilmesi" şeklinde tanımlanmıştır.
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