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Two heptamethine cyanine dyes suitable for labeling of biomolecules at a primary amino group with a near-infrared chromophore/fluorophore (λ max /(λ em = 800/830 nm and 837/864 nm) have been synthesized from readily available starting materials. Despite the high molecular complexity of intermediate and final products, all these compounds have been obtained in an analytically pure form by using crystallization only.

This paper presents modal analysis of a large offshore wind farm using PMSG type wind turbines connected to a VSC-HVDC. Multiple resonant frequencies are observed in the ac grid of offshore wind farms. Their control is crucial for the uninterrupted operation of the wind farm system. The characteristics of oscillatory modes are presented using modal analysis and participation factor analysis. Sensitivity of critical modes to wind turbine design parameters and their impact on closed loop stability of the system are discussed. A comparison between a full wind farm model and an aggregated model is presented to show differences in the characteristics of critical modes observed in the models, and implication of using the models for stability studies It is concluded that robust control design is important for reliable operation of the system.

Aim: Few studies have looked at the cytokine profile in gastric mucosa in children with Helicobacter pylori infection. This study investigated cytokines and their effects on histological abnormalities in the gastric mucosa of children with H. pylori infection. Methods: The levels of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐8 proteins were measured in biopsy specimens from the gastric antrum and corpus of children with H. pylori infection, and related to inflammatory cell infiltrations. Results: The antral and corporal mucosal levels of IFN‐γ and IL‐8 proteins were significantly higher in children with H. pylori infection than in uninfected children, but there was no such difference in the levels of IL‐4 protein. The antral mucosal level of IL‐8 protein was significantly higher than the corporal mucosal level of IL‐8 protein in the infected children. Inflammatory cell infiltration was significantly higher in the infected children than in the uninfected children, but there were no significant correlations between mucosal cytokine levels and inflammatory cell infiltrations. Conclusion: The results suggest that the predominant Th1 cytokine response and enhanced IL‐8 production in the mucosa may be involved in the gastric inflammation seen in children infected with H. pylori, as well as in adult patients.

BackgroundReverse engineering in systems biology entails inference of gene regulatory networks from observational data. This data typically include gene expression measurements of wild type and mutant cells in response to a given stimulus. It has been shown that when more than one type of experiment is used in the network inference process the accuracy is higher. Therefore the development of generally applicable and effective methodologies that embed multiple sources of information in a single computational framework is a worthwhile objective.ResultsThis paper presents a new method for network inference, which uses multi-objective optimisation (MOO) to integrate multiple inference methods and experiments. We illustrate the potential of the methodology by combining ODE and correlation-based network inference procedures as well as time course and gene inactivation experiments. Here we show that our methodology is effective for a wide spectrum of data sets and method integration strategies.ConclusionsThe approach we present in this paper is flexible and can be used in any scenario that benefits from integration of multiple sources of information and modelling procedures in the inference process. Moreover, the application of this method to two case studies representative of bacteria and vertebrate systems has shown potential in identifying key regulators of important biological processes.