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As a result of the R&D project "Smart Storage", Enexis developed and currently operates an electricity storage system called the Smart Storage Unit (SSU), which is part of the greater Smart Storage System (SSS). Its objective is to enable field-testing and research of advanced smart storage technologies in low voltage (LV) distribution grids. The SSS was installed in the LV distribution grid for the purpose of enabling applications such as, but not limited to: the increase of local PV consumption, improvement of reliability and flexibility, reduction of losses, and maximizing the utilization of local infrastructure. In this paper a detailed technical description of the SSU and its subsystems will be presented.

This article addresses the day-ahead economic optimisation of energy storage systems within the setting of electricity spot markets. The case study is about a lithium-ion battery system integrated in a low voltage distribution grid with residential customers and photovoltaic generation in the Netherlands, whereas the optimisation objective is to maximise revenues from energy arbitrage in the day-ahead auction. Assuming accurate predictions of the photovoltaic generation, the residential load and the market clearing prices, the constrained optimisation problem is formulated as the minimisation of a cost function, and is solved by utilising an internal model of the battery system to plan the future response of the charging and discharging process. Emphasis is given on the effect of the system efficiency, which significantly impacts the economic performance due to energy losses during the charging and discharging cycles.

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