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Aluminium coatings were electrodeposited on Fe9Cr1Mo steel from AICI3-1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ionic liquid at room temperature and the effect of solution stirring on deposition rate, preferred crystal orientation, surface morphology and roughness have been investigated. Aluminium coating could not be obtained in the unstirred solution for a deposition current density of 20 mA cm-2 or higher. However, vigorous stirring of the bath enabled the deposition at a current density of 20 mA cm-2 or higher, along with a significant increase in coating thickness. On the other hand, roughness of the coating increased at higher stirring speeds. X-ray diffraction measurement showed 26% increase in normalised intensity of (111) reflection on increasing the stirring speed up to 800 rev min-1, whereas the intensity of (200) reflection was found to be decreased by 37%. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the anodised aluminium showed formation of less porous aluminium oxide film. © 2 0 1 4 I n s titu t e o f M a te ria ls , M in e r a ls an d M in in g P u b lis h e d b y M a n e y on b e h a lf o f th e I n s titu t e R e ce ive d 1 0 J a n u a ry 2 0 1 4 ; a c c e p te d 2 2 M a rc h 2 0 1 4 5 6 2 DOI 1 0 . 1 1 7 9 /1 7 4 3 2 9 4 4 1 4 Y .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 8 Surface Engineering 2014 vol.3 0 no 8

Aluminum nitride thin films were deposited on Si (100) substrate by pulsed DC (asymmetric bipolar) reactive magnetron sputtering under variable nitrogen flow in a gas mixture of argon and nitrogen. The deposited film was characterized by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), spectroscopic ellipsometry, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). GIXRD results have shown (100) reflection of wurtzite AlN, whereas AFM micrographs have revealed very fine grained microstructure with average roughness in the range 6-8 nm. Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements have indicated the band gap and refractive index of the film in the range 5.0-5.48 eV and 1.58-1.84, respectively. SIMS measurement has indicated the presence of oxygen in the film.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases have been shown to respond to various stimuli including cytokines, mitogens and gamma irradiation, leading to cell proliferation, differentiation, or death. The duration of their activation determines the specificity of response to each stimulus in various cells. In this study, the crucial intracellular kinases, ERK, JNK, and p38 kinase involved in cell survival, death, or damage and repair were examined for their activity in RAW 264.7 cells at various time points after irradiation with 2 Gy doses of proton ions or X-rays. This is the first report that shows that the MAPK signaling induced after heavy ion or X-ray exposure is not the same. Unlike gamma irradiation, there was prolonged but marginal activation of prosurvival ERK pathway and significant activation of proapoptotic p38 pathway in response to high LET radiation.

Cubic aluminium nitride (AIN) coatings were successfully deposited on stainless steel 304L substrates by balanced magnetron sputtering. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction measurement confirmed the formation of rock salt cubic AIN having a preferred orientation along (111) plane. Scanning electron microscopy revealed nodular microstructure of the coating. Thermal diffusivity of AIN coated sample was found to be significantly higher than that of the uncoated sample. Microscratch adhesion test showed no adhesive failure below 20 N loads.