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The AgNOR argyrophil technique was applied to clear cut examples of renal adenoma (n = 7), clear cell carcinoma (n = 9), and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (n = 5). from nephrectomy specimens and the adenomas from necropsy material. The latter were all less than 3 cm in diameter, included solid, tubular, and papillary variants, and were without evidence of metastases.Sections 3 gim thick were cut from paraffin wax embedded blocks and were stained with the usual AgNOR solution.78 The AgNORs, which were seen as small black intranuclear dots, were counted in 100 consecutive tumour cells in adenoma and carcinoma, and macrophages in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, from random fields. The mean AgNOR count per cell was calculated in each case. Sections of clear cell carcinoma and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis were also stained with a polyclonal antibody to epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) (The Binding Site, University of Birmingham Research Institute) using the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) technique, to substantiate these diagnoses.9Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann Whitney U test. ResultsThe mean AgNOR count per cell for renal adenoma was 2-02 (range 124-2281); 95%O confidence interval 1 40-263; SD 0-66), for clear cell carcinoma was 3 06 (range 2-47-436; 950o confidence interval 2-603-51; SD 0-59), and for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis was 1-65 (range 1-28-2-00; 950% confidence interval 1-31-1-

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