In this investigation, various metal oxide (ZrO2, MgO, TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared using the hot-air spray pyrolysis method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy. The colloidal silica (SiO2) sol was prepared using the sol–gel method, mixed with various metal oxides (ZrO2, MgO, TiO2). Uncoated cotton fabrics were separately impregnated with the prepared nano­(composite) sols followed by the pad-dry-cure method. The structural analysis of the coated and uncoated fabrics was performed using XRD. The surface morphology of the coated and uncoated cotton fabrics was analyzed using SEM. The elemental analysis using energy-dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the presence of nanoparticles along with cellulose on the surface of the fabric. The thermal stability and flame retardancy properties and residue of the coated and uncoated fabrics were studied. The coated cotton fabrics showed better antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The biocompatibility performance of the coated fabrics was in the order TiO2/SiO2 > MgO/SiO2 > SiO2 > ZrO2/SiO2.

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The electricity deficit and high diesel costs influence the pumping needs of urban water supply and irrigation; hence, the use of solar power for water pumping is a viable alternative to traditional water pumping systems dependent on grid power and diesel. In recent decades, attention has been given to clean and renewable energies from the vast majority of countries’ priorities in the environmental and economic sectors. Agricultural sector is backbone of Indian economy as population increases demand of water also increases. Extract and transfer of water to agriculture and drinking is equals high-energy consumption. One of the best solutions is to use of an abundant and almost free solar energy to supply energy in all sectors, especially the irrigation sector. In the growth period of crops, when irrigation is often required, there are a high of solar radiation comes from the sun. This study shows that in India, like many other developing countries, the weakness of using this important source, the program of converting solar energy, and photovoltaic pumping systems use. This paper summarizes solar energy development and its application in the irrigation system and comparing them with the conventional diesel pumps. The expected results of this paper are to encourage the politicians, statesmen, and professionals to planning and policy-making the use of the green energy industry in the water sector that could pump water to the villages and agriculture and jump in the energy sector to the economic and Sustainable development.

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