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The biomass to biofuels production process is green, sustainable, and an advanced technique to resolve the current environmental issues generated from fossil fuels. The production of biofuels from biomass is an enzyme mediated process, wherein β-glucosidase (BGL) enzymes play a key role in biomass hydrolysis by producing monomeric sugars from cellulose-based oligosaccharides. However, the production and availability of these enzymes realize their major role to increase the overall production cost of biomass to biofuels production technology. Therefore, the present review is focused on evaluating the production and efficiency of β-glucosidase enzymes in the bioconversion of cellulosic biomass for biofuel production at an industrial scale, providing its mechanism and classification. The application of BGL enzymes in the biomass conversion process has been discussed along with the recent developments and existing issues. Moreover, the production and development of microbial BGL enzymes have been explained in detail, along with the recent advancements made in the field. Finally, current hurdles and future suggestions have been provided for the future developments. This review is likely to set a benchmark in the area of cost effective BGL enzyme production, specifically in the biorefinery area.

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Endogenous RNAs that control posttranscriptional gene expression are microRNAs (miRNAs). These small regulatory molecules play a crucial role in certain biological processes and their expression is often strictly regulated. They are small 21-24 nucleotide molecules that act as major regulators of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. One of the mechanisms by which miRNAs control the gene expression is to interact the interaction of the seeds with the 3ʹ-end and and more seldom the 5ʹ-end of mRNA transcribed by the target genes. miRNAs have been identified as important cytoplasmic regulators of gene expression. miRNAs function as posttranscriptional regulators of their messenger RNA (mRNA) targets by mRNA degradation and/or translational repression. It is becoming evident, however, that miRNAs have nuclear functions as well. About the cell type, the physiological state of the body, and various external factors, the following explanation will summarize the complex multilevel regulation of miRNA expression. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling miRNA expression will provide clarification of the variations in the expression of protein-coding genes.

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