Summary In today's world striving for efficiency in every sector, especially power generation and distribution, smart grids emerge as the solution for efficiently meeting the increasing demand. They adjust themselves to optimally deliver energy at the lowest cost and highest quality possible. The grid successfully makes use of renewable energy resources, electric vehicles, and smart pricing techniques in its attempt to achieve energy efficiency. It also promotes a greener environment by striving to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Information communication technology (ICT) helps the grid in collecting consumption data from the consumers and in sharing tariff information. ICT also helps to gather information about the status of the grid with regard to aspects like power quality, faults etc. The purpose of this paper is to review recent literature with a view to comprehensively present the technologies employed in the smart grid for achieving energy efficiency and the challenges involved therein.

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The blooming development of internet technologies, lead to the growth of Online Social Networks (OSNs) day by day. There are many Online Social Networks (OSNs) came on internet but still very few could get the attraction of the users forever. The most attracted and world level leading Online Social Networks (OSNs) is Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus and so on. All these Online Social Networks (OSNs) allow its users to create profiles and share any information on their profile, which could be viewed by other users of the same network user. These Social Networks allow users to form friendship with other people and make them to get connected in an easiest way. The major advantages of these Online Social Networks (OSNs) are getting connected with friends (wherever they are in the world), thoughts and ideas can be shared on online and feedback could be obtained as soon as possible. Every user of Social Networking sites will have many more confidential and private data on their account. However the Security and Quality of Service (QoS) are the major constraints must be always maintained in all the social networks. Most of the Online Social Networks (OSNs) provides security to the data available on the user account and provides good Quality of Service (Qos). Obviously the security constraint must be maintained not only the data available on user account but also must be maintained to the user account completely, which ultimately improves the efficiency of Quality of Service (Qos). In this paper, we evaluate and propose a new model to enhance the security for improving quality of service in online social networks.

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