In this present study on understanding the taxol (PTX) binding interaction mechanism in both the β-tubulin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecule, various optical spectroscopy and computational techniques were used. The fluorescence steady-state emission spectroscopy result suggests that there is a static quenching mechanism of the PTX drug in both β-tubulin and BSA, and further time-resolved emission spectroscopy studies confirm that the quenching mechanism exists. The excitation–emission matrix (EEM), Fourier transform infrared, and resonance light scattering spectra (FT-IR) confirm that there are structural changes in both the BSA and β-tubulin molecule during the binding process of PTX. The molecular docking studies revealed the PTX binding information in BSA, β-tubulin, and modeled β-tubulin and the best binding pose to further subject the molecular dynamics simulation, and this study confirms the stability of PTX in the protein complex during the simulation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed between the free PTX drug and PTX drug (single point) in the protein molecule active site region to understand the internal stability.

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Industries are expecting engineering graduates who possess good attitude along with proficiency in specific domain knowledge to cope with ever-changing working atmosphere. Graduate Attributes (GA), prepared by accreditation authorities, are incorporated into undergraduate programmes to validate whether the graduates from engineering colleges meet such diversified requirements. This study envisioned to evaluate the incorporation of graduate attributes in B.Tech curriculum. As a case study, we have collected B.Tech curriculum of three different universities. All core subjects in the curriculum were distributed across twelve graduate attributes with respective weightage from each subject. We examined the relationships between subjects and corresponding graduate attributes using descriptive statistics. The study revealed that few graduate attributes like GA4 (Conduct Investigation of complex problems), GA6 (Engineer and society), GA7 (Environment and sustainability), and GA11 (Project Management and Finance) have very less weightage (<40%) and coverage. Further recommendations are provided to address these concerns through practical sessions and co-curricular activities.