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Formation routes involving closed shell, radical and charged species, for urea have been studied using computational methods to probe their feasibility in the ISM. All reactions involving closed shell species were found to have prohibitive barriers. The radical-radical reaction possesses a barrier of only 4 kJ mol−1 which could be surmountable. A charged species based route was also investigated. A barrier of only 8 kJ mol−1 was found in that case, when a partial water ice shell was included.

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