Choosing cultivars that require less chilling temperatures to overcome dormancy is crucial, for example, peaches that grow in subtropical areas, which is not an appropriate climate for them. Thus, alternative techniques are necessary to induce sprouting. Yet there are not many available products in market, restricting options for fruit growers to a reduced number of chemical molecules, which are often harm the health to applicators. Therefore, this study aimed to assess phenological cycles and productive performance of three peach cultivars, submitted to foliar nitrogen fertilizer and calcium nitrate to induce sprouting. This study took place at Experimental Orchard of School of Agriculture (FCA, UNESP), Botucatu, state of São Paulo. Three peach cultivars were evaluated: 'Douradão', 'BRS Kampai' and 'BRS Rubimel' by applying four doses of foliar nitrogen fertilizer (FNF) at 0, 1.25, 2.50 and 3.75%; associated with 4% calcium nitrate. A 3x4 factorial arrangement (3 cultivars X 4 FNF doses) in a randomized block design was used, with 4 replicates and 2 plants per plot, totalizing 96 plants. Results indicated that FNF positively affected cultivars development, providing wider sprouting, flowering and fruit set; consequently, greater production. Then FNF became a good alternative to induce sprouting in peaches at mild winter temperatures. Moreover, 'BRS Rubimel' presented high sowing percentage associated with low flowering and fruit set percentages, that is, low production mainly caused by its lack of adaptability to studied region.
RESUMO -O período de colheita de amora-preta ocorre de novembro a fevereiro nos estados do Sul do Brasil, onde se concentra a maior área de cultivo do País. Sabendo-se que frutas ofertadas fora do pico da safra possuem preços mais vantajosos, objetivou-se escalonar a colheita da amoreira-preta através da realização da poda hibernal em diferentes épocas, levando-se em conta o número de horas de frio e os grausdia acumulados. O presente trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, no município de São Manuel-SP. Foram utilizadas plantas de amoreira-preta "Tupy", de 3 anos de idade, conduzidas em 4 hastes principais, em espaldeira em T, com 1,2 metro de altura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o esquema fatorial 2x5, constando de 2 sistemas de cultivo (não irrigado e irrigado) e de 5 tratamentos (épocas de poda: 20-05, 26-06, 24-07, 23-08 e 26-09), com repetições em blocos. A irrigação não alterou a duração do ciclo da amoreira-preta, mas proporcionou aumento na produtividade, independentemente das épocas de poda. Quanto maior o número de horas de frio acumulado, menor o ciclo e menor a necessidade em graus-dia da amoreira-preta 'Tupy'. A poda hibernal realizada em 20-05 proporcionou um pico de colheita de amora-preta em meados de setembro, em São Manuel -SP. Termos para indexação: Rubus sp, produção, graus-dia, ciclo, qualidade. THERMAL REQUIREMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY IN BLACKBERRY-FUNCTION TIMES OF PRUNINGABSTRACT -November and February are the harvest season for blackberry at the southern states of Brazil, where is the largest cultivation area in the country. It is Known that the fruit offered outside the harvest season has higher prices, so the present study aimed to stagger the harvest season for blackberry, by performing the winter pruning at different time, taking into account the number of hours exposed to cold temperatures and accumulated degree-days. This study was conducted at the Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, at São Manuel-SP. It was used blackberry plants cv. Tupy, 3 years old, conducted in 4 main stems in espalier in T, with 1.2 meters high. The experimental design was a 2x5 factorial arrangement, with two cropping systems (irrigated and non-irrigated) and 5 treatments (pruning times: 05/20, 06/26, 07/24, 08/23 and 09/26) with blocks repetitions. Irrigation did not alter the cycle of blackberry, but resulted in higher productivity independent of pruning time. The higher the number of chilling hours accumulated, the lower the cycle and the need for day-degrees of the blackberry 'Tupy'. The winter pruning held on 05/20 provided the highest blackberry harvest in mid-September, at São Manuel -SP.
There are many mango cultivars available in different regions. It is about time we analysed their productive behavior in these areas, as well as their phenological performance. This study aimed to evaluate: phenological cycles, thermal time and growth curves of mango fruit cultivars in subtropical conditions. For this study we used the following cultivars: Espada Vermelha, Keitt and Palmer. All the experiments were done at UNESP experimental farm in Sao Manuel (SP), during the agricultural cycle from 2012 to 2013. It was selected 15 branches in each plant, which provided 150 per cultivar. It was determined the number of days of phenological cycles of flowering to fruit ripening, as well as the total number of days to flowering and harvesting. The thermal time was evaluated to each phenological cycle and expressed in accumulation of degree-days. The measurement of the longitudinal diameters (LD) and transverse diameters (TD) of the fruitwere performed in a 12 day's intervals, from the tenth day after the flowers anthesis, to evaluate the Souza et al.; BJAST, 9(1): 100-107, 2015; Article no.BJAST.2015.250 101 growth curve. Based on the data, it was found that Keitt cultivar requires more days for the fruit to reach physiological maturity and greater accumulation of degree-days to complete its production cycle. The growth curves of the three varieties of fruits have a simple sigmoidal model in function of the days after anthesis. Original Research Article
Calcium chloride application on fruits maintains the firmness of fruits, decreases storage breakdown and rot, extends shelf-life, and increases vitamin C and calcium content. Blackberries have low post-harvest durability due to the intrinsic characteristics of their fruits, mainly the high respiratory rate and low firmness, which causes problems in the production chain of fresh fruits. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of pre-harvest application of calcium chloride on the fruits of ‘Tupy’ blackberry (Rubus spp.). A randomized block design for a factorial scheme was used, i.e. calcium chloride concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5%) and number of applications (1, 2, and 3). Multiple applications occurred between 5-day intervals. The results showed that the calcium content in the fruits increased with a single application of 2.2%, but a decrease in mass loss was observed with a 4.5% application. The results also indicated great firmness and ascorbic acid content of fruits of ‘Tupy’ blackberry, in addition to the significant increase in fruit size and mass. However, in general, the content of soluble solids, sugars, antioxidant activity and total polyphenols decreased.
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