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The growing complexity of real-world problems has motivated computer scientists to search for efficient problem-solving methods. Evolutionary computation and swarm intelligence meta-heuristics are outstanding examples that nature has been an unending source of inspiration. The behaviour of bees, bacteria, glow-worms, fireflies, slime moulds, cockroaches, mosquitoes and other organisms have inspired swarm intelligence researchers to devise new optimisation algorithms. This tutorial highlights the most recent nature-based inspirations as metaphors for swarm intelligence meta-heuristics. We describe the biological behaviours from which a number of computational algorithms were developed. Also, the most recent and important applications and the main features of such meta-heuristics are reported.

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