The Romanian population is the most important foreign population in Spain. Romanian migrants are characterized by their large number (about 800.000 residents and 268.000 contract workers) and their rapid growth. The economic and labour motivation for migration determines their geographical distribution, with high numbers of Romanian migrants in cities and in areas of agricultural, industrial and tourist industries. However, a high proportion of Romanian migrants also live in small towns and rural areas. Most of them were already illegal migrants when Romania entered the EU and they became EU citizens. From January 1st 2009, these once illegal migrants now have full freedom of employment in Spain. They adapt to circumstances of each period of time, in order to enter or to remain in the Spanish labour market. Most work in construction and agriculture as well as domestic services, trade, tourism and industries. The current economic crisis and the resulting unemployment have raised the issue of return migration to Romania.
La cifra de personas que trabajan en un país distinto al de residencia aumenta de forma extraordinaria en Europa y lo hace con mayor intensidad en los países del Este que, en la actualidad, proporcionan cerca de la mitad de los trabajadores transfronterizos. El artículo indaga en las tendencias recientes de la movilidad Este-Oeste y en los factores que la impulsan. El texto se apoya en los trabajos de investigadores de diferentes países y en la información estadística que proporcionan Eurostat y la Comisión Europea. El aumento de los flujos se relaciona, entre otros factores, con la ampliación de la Unión Europea, la plena libertad de circulación y las diferencias socioeconómicas entre los países de origen y los de destino. La mayor parte de los desplazamientos cubren distancias cortas y son marcadamente asimétricos. En la movilidad intraeuropea, los países poscomunistas proporcionan mano de obra a los países occidentales. Alemania y Austria son los destinos más importantes debido, entre otros motivos, a su posición geográfica próxima a los países de origen.
RESUMENEn el siglo XIX la pesca valenciana tenía muy poca importancia en el conjunto español. A la escasa riqueza piscícola del Mediterráneo hay que añadir el uso de aparejos fruto, más que nada, de una tecnología empírica y tradicional. Las innovaciones se introdujeron con timidez y con cierto retraso con respecto al Atlántico. Probablemente la pesca experimentó un desarrollo en las primeras décadas del siglo, pero de lo que no cabe la menor duda es que desde mediados de la centuria el sector pesquero quedó sumido en una profunda crisis. Las estadísticas disponibles indican una ligera recuperación de la producción a finales del ochocientos. En aquellos momentos la distribución de los desembarcos era muy irregular, con una mayor concentración en el litoral meridional. ABSTRACTIn the XIX century the Valencian fishing had a very slight importance in the Spanish country. This was due to the scarcity of fishing resources in the Mediterranean and to the use of gears, resulting from an empiric and traditional technology. Innovations were introduced shyly and with a certain delay with respect to the Atlantic. It seems that, the fishing had certain development during the first decades of the century, but what is really sure, is that since mid-nineteenth century the fishing sector succumbed to a deep crisis. The available statistics show a slight recovery of the production at the end of the nineteenth century. At that time, the distribution of the landings was very irregular with a main concentration on the southern littoral.
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