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Scalable group key management solutions are crucial for supporting Internet applications that are based on a group communication model. Many solutions have been proposed and of these the most efficient and scalable ones are based on logical key hierarchies (LKH) with symmetric keys organized in a tree. However, these solutions centralize trust in the group controller and make it an attractive attack target for access to communication keys for all groups supported by the controller. In this paper we propose a novel group key management approach, which uses a partially trusted controller that does not have access to communication keys and yet provides the same level of efficiency and scalability as LKH schemes. For this we develop a new public-key encryption scheme, which is based on El Gamal, and we show that the scheme is as secure as El Gamal.

The purpose of this research is to dig deeper about the sandwich generation who are faced with a double responsibility in caring for children and elderly parents. Effective and appropriate public services are necessary in supporting the needs of the sandwich generation. This article provides an overview of the current regulation of public services and outlines strategies to strengthen regulation. Best practice case studies from other countries are also included. The method used in this research is literature review by analyzing various books and journal articles. The results of this study provide an overview of strengthening regulations that have positive implications and benefits for the sandwich generation and the general public, the importance of strengthening public service regulations in overcoming the challenges of the sandwich generation in Indonesia. Strengthening public service regulations has a deep role in overcoming various problems faced by the sandwich generation in the context of the Indonesian economy. Robust and effective regulations will ensure a fair and honest trajectory of public services. In this case, the regulation must organize the special needs and views of the sandwich generation, such as services that are flexible, and can be accessed easily. Realizing the optimization of public services for the sandwich generation requires full collaboration between the government and the community. It is also important to evaluate the required public service regulations in this discussion to inform deficiencies and necessary improvements. That way, strengthening public service regulations will turn into effective instruments in overcoming the challenges of the sandwich generation in the Indonesian economy, then they can contribute optimally to the state.