Sehat Sahulat program, universal health coverage for the population of Pakistan, had been implemented since 2015 and the accessibility and universality of all the services got implemented in 2020 all over Punjab. Health is the right of every person, and the Sehat Insaaf card was found to provide equal rights and benefits to all. An initiative by WHO, which provide essential health services. Objective: To find the perspective of people who availed of the Sehat Insaaf card, either for medical treatment or surgical procedure, and evaluate the level of satisfaction with the Sehat Sahulat program among the population. Methods: A Descriptive Observational Study, with a sample size of 350 calculated on the WHO calculator for survey analysis version 2.0, based on survey style questionnaire filling, to calculate the satisfaction level by Likert scale among patients and attendants, who had their treatment and surgeries in Akram Medical Complex, Lahore. The study had been conducted for 6 months, from August 2022 to February 2023. Results: Statistical tests were applied on data to evaluate the percentage and cumulative percentage of satisfaction. The overall satisfaction score was 98.765%. the cumulative percentage for satisfaction rate for surgeries was high than the medical treatments with a percentage of 89.653 for surgical procedures and 74.564% for medical check-ups. Conclusions: The Sehat Sahulat program proved a successful program facilitating in countries like Pakistan and all over Punjab, a load of patients from government tertiary care hospital had been divided, and rich and poor are equally facilitated.

<p>Recruitment of adequate number of healthy volunteers is vital for success of clinical trials but there is limited research on factors motivating the healthy volunteers to participate in clinical trials especially in developing countries. Pakistani researchers also faced the problems in enrollment of enough healthy volunteers during COVID-19 pandemic when a number of clinical trials began in Pakistan. Around 117 research proposals were processed by the National Bioethics Committee (NBC) of Pakistan in last two years. A major proportion of these clinical research studies target healthy populations as primary research subjects or as controls.</p> <p>Numerous studies have investigated factors such as motives, barriers, risks. benefits and ethical values affecting recruitment and participation of healthy volunteers in clinical trials. We have reviewed the literature to learn about factors that motivate or prevent the healthy persons to volunteer along with the pertaining ethical issues.</p> <p>Financial incentive is the principal motive for healthy volunteers to participate in clinical trials along with altruism, contribution to sciences, research and other people&rsquo;s health, desire to take part in something important, learning more about science and medicine, access to healthcare &amp; free medical checkup and prospects of one&rsquo;s social network expansion whereas time inconvenience, confidentiality, possible side effects &amp; route of administration of drug and fear of contacting the disease were identified as important barriers.</p> <p>Application of knowledge of these motives and barriers will help Pakistani researchers to enroll adequate number of healthy volunteer for their clinical trials.</p>

… Background and Aims: The working conditions of Health care workers (HCW'S) expose them for a constant threat of contracting and spreading hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) not only to their patients but family members as well. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude toward hepatitis B and C infection among the health-care workers and correlate the level of awareness to their behavior towards prevention of the disease. Study Settings: The study was conducted in Rashid Latif medical college and its two affiliated hospitals (Arif memorial teaching hospital and Hameed Latif Hospital). Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Methodology: A closed ended questionnaire was designed which consists of questions for evaluating the knowledge and attitude of the participants regarding hepatitis B and C infection. Sampling was done by convenient method. 350 participants took part in the study, which includes physicians, nurses and lab Technicians. Using the SPSS 16, we did statistical analysis. Results: Total 350 health care workers filled the forms. 52.6 %(184) of them were nurses with 25.7% (90) physicians, and Lab workers were 21.7 %(74). The mean age of the participants was 25.9 years with a range from 17-59 years. The service length of 73.2% of health care workers was noted to be 1-5 year. (97.7%) participants know about hepatitis B and C. 88.6% identified blood and blood products, needles and sharps and 68.6% marked sexual intercourse routes of transmission. 56% gave opinion that Hepatitis B and C is a noso-comial infection. 70.3% reported that both infections are widely transmitted like HIV/AIDS. Almost all of the participants (83.7%) mentioned that they are in a position to acquire these infections because of their duty with patients 88% of the respondents reported vaccination against Hepatitis B as a tool of prevention. Proper disposal of sharps, a needle and blood product as a preventing measure was also written by 88%of participants. A lot of them believe that transmission of these infections can be prevented by avoiding needle/sharps injury (73.7%) and casual sex (61.1%). 82.9 mentioned wearing of gloves while in contact with patients and 80.6% said that adequate disposal of sharps are the best ways of prevention. Complete vaccination for the hepatitis B was reported by 47.9 %(174) with 36 %(126) was partially vaccinated and 14.8 %(52) were not vaccinated at all. No specific reason was identified for lack of vaccination. It is noted that more females (87.7%) and physician (88.9%) and Nurses (88.2%) have completed the vaccination schedule than the Lab. Technicians (75%). Conclusion: There is a need of extensive health education campaign for training of HCWs to control and prevent the spread of these infections.

Background and Aims: The working conditions of Health care workers (HCW’S)expose them for a constant threat of contracting and spreading hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus(HCV) not only to their patients but family members as well. The aim of this study was to assessthe knowledge and attitude toward hepatitis B and C infection among the health-care workersand correlate the level of awareness to their behavior towards prevention of the disease. StudySettings: The study was conducted in Rashid Latif medical college and its two affiliated hospitals(Arif memorial teaching hospital and Hameed Latif Hospital). Study Design: Descriptive crosssectional study. Methodology: A closed ended questionnaire was designed which consistsof questions for evaluating the knowledge and attitude of the participants regarding hepatitisB and C infection. Sampling was done by convenient method. 350 participants took part inthe study, which includes physicians, nurses and lab Technicians. Using the SPSS 16, we didstatistical analysis. Results: Total 350 health care workers filled the forms. 52.6 %( 184) of themwere nurses with 25.7% (90) physicians, and Lab workers were 21.7 %( 74). The mean age ofthe participants was 25.9 years with a range from 17-59 years. The service length of 73.2% ofhealth care workers was noted to be 1-5 year. (97.7%) participants know about hepatitis B andC. 88.6% identified blood and blood products, needles and sharps and 68.6% marked sexualintercourse routes of transmission. 56% gave opinion that Hepatitis B and C is a noso-comialinfection. 70.3% reported that both infections are widely transmitted like HIV/AIDS. Almost all ofthe participants (83.7%) mentioned that they are in a position to acquire these infections becauseof their duty with patients 88% of the respondents reported vaccination against Hepatitis B asa tool of prevention. Proper disposal of sharps, a needle and blood product as a preventingmeasure was also written by 88%of participants. A lot of them believe that transmission of theseinfections can be prevented by avoiding needle/sharps injury (73.7%) and casual sex (61.1%).82.9 mentioned wearing of gloves while in contact with patients and 80.6% said that adequatedisposal of sharps are the best ways of prevention. Complete vaccination for the hepatitis Bwas reported by 47.9 %( 174) with 36 %( 126) was partially vaccinated and 14.8 %( 52) were notvaccinated at all. No specific reason was identified for lack of vaccination. It is noted that morefemales (87.7%) and physician (88.9%) and Nurses (88.2%) have completed the vaccinationschedule than the Lab. Technicians (75%). Conclusion: There is a need of extensive healtheducation campaign for training of HCWs to control and prevent the spread of these infections.