The unprecedented academic environment brought by the COVID-19 pandemic led to the evolution of online teaching as an ineluctable tool for education and training. To ensure that the undergraduate teaching curriculum does not become another victim of the virus, online teaching was started in most medical schools. The undergraduate students enrolled in our institution hail mostly from rural areas and small townships with limited internet connectivity and accessibility due to poor socioeconomic status. This study highlights the students' perception of and motivation towards online classes in respect to internet connectivity and accessibility during COVID-19 pandemic. Since online teaching is essentially a student-centered learning approach, the motivational level of students plays an important role in making teaching protocols effective. Methods: A prospective qualitative and quantitative assessment of perceptions of 498 medical undergraduate students from 1st, 2nd and 3rd year of Dr.

No abstract

Introduction: Variation in neurovascular structure are commonly encountered in routine dissection. Brachial artery is the main artery of upper limb. In the arm, the median nerve passes at first lateral to brachial artery (near the insertion of coracobrachialis muscle), then crosses in front of the artery, descending medial to it in the cubital fossa. The knowledge of these variation could be helpful to vascular, plastic, general surgeons and orthopedicians. It is also important to prevent iatrogenic injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate anatomical variations in course and relation of median nerve to brachial artery in the arm. Material & Methods: The study was conducted in 50 cadavers (100 upper limbs) in duration of two years. Proper cadaveric dissection was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dr. RML Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, and Era’s Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow. Observation & Results: In the present series, median nerve was found to cross behind the brachial artery at about the middle of the arm in 8% cadavers. Median nerve entered the arm at first lateral to brachial artery, near the insertion of coracobrachialis. In 46 cadavers (96 upper limbs), it crossed in front of the artery from lateral to medial side. In four cadavers (5 upper limbs), it passed posterior to the brachial artery in the arm. Conclusion: Knowledge of the brachial artery and their variations are of clinical and surgical importance. An awareness of such a presence is valuable for the surgeons and radiologists in evaluation of angiographic images, vascular and re-constructive surgery or appropriate treatment for compressive neuropathies.

Anomalies in circle of Willis are very common and complete functioning ring as classically described is found only in 85 % of population. Most anomalies however are in posterior segment. We report a case of rare anomaly of anterior segment, where anterior communicating artery was completely absent and both anterior cerebral arteries arose from right internal carotid artery. Since both the frontal lobes of cerebrum are dependent upon right internal carotid artery for vascularization, with a poor communication with its left counterpart, ischemia or stroke in an event of pathological or iatrogenic compression of right internal carotid artery can occur.

No abstract