Introduction: The femur is the largest and strongest bone of the body that forms the skeleton of the thigh. The morphometry of proximal end of femur are variable between different individuals with different Nationality. The aims and objective of the study is to find out the morphometric measurements- Femur Length, Femur head diameter, Femur neck shaft angle, and Femur neck length, breadth and thickness. Methods: A total of 75 femurs of both sex were collected from the Department of Anatomy, MCOMS, Pokhara. The parameters on proximal femur were measured manually with the help of measuring scale, thread, protector and vernier calliper. The collected data were analyzed with Microsoft Excel 2007 software and represented graphically. Results: In the present study, the average femoral length for entire femur was 42±2.81 cm, femoral head diameter was13.05±0.9 cm, femoral neck length was 4.12±0.32 cm, femoral neck breadth was 2.94±0.30 cm, and femoral neck thickness was 2.36±0.42 cm. The femur neck shaft angle of left femur was significantly higher than that of right femur (P-value 0.03). There was no difference between other dimensions of proximal end of right and left femur. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the dimensions of proximal femur in Nepalese Population are different as compared to other countries population. The knowledge of different dimensions of proximal femur will be important in anthropological and medico-legal practice for sex determination and as well as to radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons for diagnosis and planning of treatment.

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Background: Foetal lung is one of the organs of interest for researchers since a long time. Though, detailed study about adult lung is there in the literature but lungs at different stages in foetal period is less available. Aims and Objective: To find out the morphological and morphometrical features of the foetal lung in different gestational weeks. Materials and Methods: After ethical approval the study was carried out on 66 human foetal lungs aged between 16th to 40th gestational weeks in the Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences. After the dissection of foetuses, the lungs were removed out and the presence of fissures and lobes for both lungs were noted. Weights of both lungs were calibrated by digital weighing machine. Dimensions of foetal lungs were recorded by vernier calliper. All the data were represented as mean then analyzed with MS excel 2007 software and represented graphically. Results: In the normally developing foetuses the dimensions of both lung increases with increase in gestational age with more or less difference between the dimension of right and left lung. There was number of variations seen in the fissures and lobes of the lungs. Conclusion: The fissures and lobes are needed for locating broncho-pulmonary segments hence, knowledge of their position is necessary both anatomically as well as clinically for planning lobectomies and surgical resections.

Introduction: The tibia bone forms the main skeleton of the leg. It plays an important role in weight bearing and takes part in the formation of knee joint. The knowledge of different dimensions of upper end of tibia will help the orthopaedic surgeons for diagnosis, planning and treatment of disease related to knee. Inappropriate design of knee replacement could affect the outcome of surgery with reported complications. The objective of the study is to find out the morphometric measurements of upper end of tibia in Nepalese Population. Methods: After ethical approval (MEMG/IRC/211/GA) the study was done on 60 dry tibia bones of Nepalese citizens irrespective of sex and race in the Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara. The morphometric measurements of medial condyle, lateral condyle, intercondylar area and circumference of upper end of tibia of both sides were measured manually by thread, scale and Vernier calliper. Data were reported as mean ± SD and analyzed with MS Excel 2007 software. Results: Average anteroposterior measurements were found to be 46.38 mm and 39.14 mm and average transverse measurements were 28.79 mm and 27.86 mm respectively for medial and lateral condyles of both sides. The anteroposterior and transverse measurements of intercondylar area of tibia were 47.75 mm and 7.11 mm on the right side and 49.81 mm and 7.25 mm respectively on the left side (p<0.05). Similarly mediolateral length and circumference of upper end of tibia of left limb were significantly greater than the right limb (p<0.05).  Conclusion: The knowledge of different dimensions of upper end of tibia may be important in anthropological practice. Morp hometric parameters of upper end of tibia will be important to orthopaedic surgeons for diagnosis, planning and treatment of disease related to knee in Nepalese population.