Wire bonding process is first level interconnection technology used in the semiconductor packaging industry. The wire bond shear tests are used in the industry to examine the bond strength and reliability of the bonded wires. Hence, in this study thesimulation on wire bond shear test is performed on a sharp groove surface bond pad. ANSYS ver 11 was used to perform the simulation. The stress response of the bonded wires are investigated.The effects of three wire materials gold(Au), aluminum(Al) and copper(Cu) on the stress response during shear test were examined. The simulation results showed that copper wire bond induces highest stress and gold wire exhibits the least stress response.

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Background: Breast carcinoma is a life threatening disease that accounts for 25.1% of all carcinoma among women worldwide. Early detection of the disease enhances the chance for survival. </P><P> Discussion: This paper presents comprehensive report on breast carcinoma disease and its modalities available for detection and diagnosis, as it delves into the screening and detection modalities with special focus placed on the non-invasive techniques and its recent advancement work done, as well as a proposal on a novel method for the application of early breast carcinoma detection. Conclusion: This paper aims to serve as a foundation guidance for the reader to attain bird’s eye understanding on breast carcinoma disease and its current non-invasive modalities.

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Organic solar cell research has vastly developed in recent years. These organic solar cells however are still limited to low power conversion efficiencies. This has led to the generation of photovoltaic cells based on hybrid nanoparticleorganic polymer materials. The hybrid solar cell has the potential of bridging the efficiency gap which is present in organic and inorganic semiconductor materials. This paper focuses characterisation of fabricated hybrid active layer consisting of nanoparticles and organic polymer. The active layer was deposited on the substrate using the spin coating technique. Materials used in the active layer are poly (2methoxy, 5 -(2 -ethyl hexyloxy) p-phenyl vinylene) MEH-PPV, cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium sulphide (CdS). The fabricated solar cells with active layer of MEH-PPV only were found to have a power conversion efficiency of 0.1 % for 1 W, hybrid cell with active layer of MEH-PPV/CdTe has power conversion efficiency of 0.15 % for 1W and hybrid cell with active layer of MEH-PPV/CdTe/CdS has power conversion efficiency of 0.18 % for 1 W.