The seroprevalence of leptospirosis and hantavirus may be attributed to their professional exposure to rodent that they catch in the open field and the syphilis, hepatitis B and HIV prevalence may be related to their sexual behavior and social customs.

In this research, we look at the work associated with the encouraged arrival line with feedback, balking and maintaining reneged clients. We analyse the quality control policy for the Markovian model using an iterative method to the nth customer in the system. We derive performance measures for the expected number of units in the system, as well as in the queue and the average number of occupied services and the expected waiting time in the system, as well as in the queue. To show the effectiveness, we provide numerical examples for the average default rate and average retention rate. The developed formula also satisfies Little’s formula.

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared eradication of the dreadful disease “smallpox” in 1980. Though the disease has died down, the causative virus “variola” has not, as it has been well preserved in two high security laboratories—one in USA and another in Russia. The debate on whether the remaining stocks of the smallpox virus should be destroyed or not is ongoing, and the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 2011 has decided to postpone the review on this debate to the 67th WHA in 2014. A short questionnaire-based inquiry was organized during a one-day stem cell meeting to explore the views of various health care and life science specialists especially students on this aspect. Among the 200 participants of the meeting, only 66 had answered the questionnaire. 60.6% of participants who responded to the questionnaire were for preserving the virus for future reference, while 36.4% of the participants were for destroying the virus considering the magnitude with which it killed millions. However, 3% of the respondents were not able to decide on any verdict. Therefore, this inquiry expresses the view that “what we cannot create, we do not have the right to destroy.”

Since DENV-1, 2, 3, and 4 determine the strains for dengue virus, their gene sequence can be used as marker for diagnosis, amplifying and genotyping subtypes in molecular screening reaction which includes RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, microspherebased duplexed immunoassay, and DNA microarrays. There are many gene based PCR diagnostic kits available for screening and quantifying dengue virus, which one to choose? Decisions on choosing the diagnostic kit are debatable, mainly because of sequence variation of endemic dengue virus, which emphasizes us to use region specific primer diagnostic kits for isolating dengue of the prevailing country. But if diagnoistic industry focuses on the homologous regions obtained after aligning sequences, each representing the country of origin, we can design primers which can be used to detect dengue strains from any country of origin. Gene based diagnostics kits should have primers that should be covered for all entries present in the NCBI database with 100% total coverage similarity and specifically only to which they were designed for.

This research work provides comprehensive meaningful valuable findings from NCBI database for researches to analyze entries of H1N1 strains aiming to design genomic region-specific markers and also for screening the region-specific subtypes. Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes, based on the nature of their surface glycoproteins, HA and NA. There are 16 different HAs and nine NAs which are distinguishable serologically, and we have sincerely dug NCBI database. We have found 7651 entries of H1N1 strains starting from the year 1918 till 2011 in the NCBI database, most recent entries from past few years includes, 1720 entries in the year 2008, 9112 entries in 2009, 1132 entries in 2010, 733 entries in 2011. Recent past few years has seen a rapid growth in high-throughput technology which has resulted in more entries accounting for 71.93% of the total entries in NCBI H1N1 Genome Database, in that, year 2009 which resulted in pandemic holds 51.62% share of the total H1N1 genome entries. 2009 entries were separated based on region of occurrence which resulted in 89 different regions. The above separation helps the researches for designing region-specific markers for screening the region-specific subtypes. Apart from that researches also get other key information like year of pandemic, subtypes responsible for pandemic, genes and virulence activity, genes functionality which can be used for genotyping.