While embracing digitalization that is further accentuated by the Covid-19 pandemic, the real business outcome is achieved through a robust and well-crafted ‘Data Science Strategy’ (DSS), as significant constituent of Enterprise Digital Strategy. Extant literature has studied the challenges in adoption of components of ‘Data Science’ in discrete for various industry sectors and domains. There is dearth of studies on comprehensive ‘Data Science’ adoption as an umbrella constituting all of its components. The study conducts a “Systematic Literature Review (SLR)” on enablers and barriers affecting the implementation and success of DSS in enterprises. The SLR comprised of 113 published articles during the period 1998 and 2021. In this SLR, we address the gap by synthesizing and proposing a novel framework of ‘Enablers and Barriers’ influencing the success of DSS in enterprises. The proposed framework of ‘Data Science Strategy’ can help organizations taking the right steps towards successful implementation of ‘Data Science’ projects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10257-022-00550-x.