Introduction The surgical removal of impacted third molars involves, trauma to soft and bony tissue and can result in considerable pain, swelling, and trismus. The greater the amount of tissue injury the greater is the amount of inflammation in the perisurgical region. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is both a pro inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate the immune response. IL-6 is also an early marker of tissue damage. In addition to NSAIDs, corticosteroids, opioids also have immunomodulatory effects. Aim To evaluate the changes in serum IL-6 levels following surgical removal of third molars under local anaesthesia after administration of two NSAIDs diclofenac and ketorolac and opioid tramadol post operatively. Methods Patients undergoing surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar teeth were randomly assigned to three groups. Each group received one of the three analgesics viz diclofenac 50 mg, ketorolac 10 mg and tramadol 50 mg. The mean levels of IL-6 was then estimated by ELISA.Results The results of our study showed that all three drugs i.e. diclofenac, ketorolac and tramadol have properties which can downregulate the production of IL-6 in response to surgical trauma. Conclusion It is of clinical significance that the suppression of IL-6 values occurs in tramadol group closely following the diclofenac group. Even though the drug ketorolac suppresses the IL-6 levels similar to diclofenac initially but after 7 days tramadol and ketorolac showed similarities in suppression of IL-6 expression which is less compared to diclofenac group.

Prevention is the foundation stone of safe and successful obstetrics. Many factors responsible for disastrous outcome of obstructed labour can be nullified to a large extent by sustained and planned effort, improvement of socio economic condition and educational standard, awareness of antenatal and internal care, availability of medical facilities in remote areas and health education with advice of family welfare can minimize the unfortunate outcome of OL. We studied 100 cases of obstructed labour and its fetomaternal outcome.

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Pain is a complex subjective experience comprising of both physical and emotional components. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of damage." Opioids are essentially important constituent of balanced anaesthesia. They provide adequate analgesia, reduces requirement of inhaled anaesthetic agents, maintain cardiovascular stability and provide adequate post-operative analgesia. Morphine remains the most widely used analgesic and the gold standard against which all new opioids are compared. Butorphanol has been employed successfully for the relief of postoperative pain, labor pain, preanaesthetic medication and in balanced anaesthesia. ISSN 2157-6076 2015 www.macrothink.org/jbls 131 We studied the analgesic property and the side effects of butorphanol and compared them with equipotent dose of morphine. This study revealed that butorphanol had more or less similar effects on haemodynamic parameters as compared to morphine. But butorphanol showed fewer side effects than morphine. This study suggested that patient compliance was on butorphanol. Journal of Biology and Life Science