While sustainable forestry in Europe is characterized by the provision of a multitude of forest ecosystem services, there exists no comprehensive study that scrutinizes their sensitivity to forest management on a pan-European scale, so far. We compile scenario runs from regionally tailored forest growth models and Decision Support Systems (DSS) from 20 case studies throughout Europe and analyze whether the ecosystem service provision depends on management intensity and other co-variables, comprising regional affiliation, social environment, and tree species composition. The simulation runs provide information about the case-specifically most important ecosystem services in terms of appropriate indicators. We found a strong positive correlation between management intensity and wood production, but only weak correlation with protective and socioeconomic forest functions. Interestingly, depending on the forest region, we found that biodiversity can react in both ways, positively and negatively, to increased management intensity. Thus, it may be in tradeoff or in synergy with wood production and forest resource maintenance. The covariables species composition and social environment are of punctual interest only, while the affiliation to a certain region often makes an important difference in terms of an ecosystem service's treatment sensitivity.

For forest sustainability and vulnerability assessment, the landscape scale is considered to be more and more relevant as the stand level approaches its known limitations. This review, which describes the main forest landscape simulation tools used in the 20 European case studies of the European project "Future-oriented integrated management of European forest landscapes" (INTEGRAL), gives an update on existing decision support tools to run landscape simulation from Mediterranean to boreal ecosystems. The main growth models and software available in Europe are described, and the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches are discussed. Trades-offs between input efforts and output are illustrated. Recommendations for the selection of a forest landscape simulator are given. The paper concludes by describing the need to have tools that are able to cope with climate change and the need to build more robust indicators for assessment of forest landscape sustainability and vulnerability.

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While traditional forestry has focused on (merchantable) wood volume, today more and more information is required on the whole biomass stock, carbon sequestration or nutrient cycling. Forest growth simulators that were developed primarily from a wood volume-oriented perspective need to be expanded to cover the carbon stocks and turnover in the tree compartments. The simulator SILVA which has become a standard tool in forest science and practice in Germany has been extended with a biomass module that calculates biomass allocation into tree compartments for each simulation period. To analyse and evaluate the biomass development of even-aged pure stands of spruce, beech, pine and oak, scenarios were created for each species that differ with respect to site quality, initial tree numbers and thinning intensity. According to the simulation results, net volume and biomass growth ranges from 0.7-13.8 m 3 ha-1 year-1 and 0.1-6.1 t ha-1 year-1 corresponding to 0.1-3.1 t ha-1 year-1 carbon in the living biomass. Gross volume growth and net primary productivity are between 5.7-21.7 m 3 ha-1 year-1 and 4.5-19.9 t ha-1 year-1 .