Background/aim: SARS-CoV-2 disease was announced as a pandemic by The World Health Organization in on early 2020. It is still threatening the world population. Here, we aimed to produce hyperimmune sera that contain immunoglobulin G and F(ab')2 fragments sourced from horse antibodies as an urgent response to the pandemic.Materials and methods: SARS-CoV-2 was produced and inactivated with three different methods [formaldehyde (FA), formaldehyde, and binary ethylene amine (FA+BEI), and heat treatment]. After invitro in vitro inactivation control, immunogens were mixed with Freund's adjuvant, thereafter horses (n: 2 for FA, 4 for FA + BEI, 2 for Heat inactivation) and New Zealand rabbits (n: 6 for FA, 6 for FA + BEI, 6 for Heat inactivation) were immunized four times. Neutralizing antibody levels of the sera were measured at the 4 th , 6 th , and 8 th weeks. When the antibodies were detected at the peak level, plasma was collected from horses and hyperimmune sera procured after the purification process.Results: Horses and rabbits produced highly neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 in FA and FA + BEI inactivation groups, foreign proteins were removed effectively after purification. Conclusion:This study presents a profitable practice to develop horse-specific antisera against SARS-CoV-2 for emergency and low-cost response. In further studies, new purification methods can be used to increase the efficiency of the final product.
<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> The purpose of this study was to investigate a possible relationship between systemic inflammatory markers such as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte monocyte ratio (LMR), threatened preterm labor (TPL), and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), using complete blood cell count (CBC) parameters. <b><i>Method:</i></b> The study was carried out prospectively with patients admitted to our university hospital due to preterm labor and at risk of PPROM. The cases were divided into three groups according to their pregnancy status. Group 1 consisted of 90 patients with PPROM between 24th and 36th gestational weeks; group 2, 115 patients diagnosed with TPL between 24th and 36th gestational weeks; group 3, 101 patients over 36 weeks of gestation (control) who were not in labor. In addition to the demographic data of the patients, CBC parameters (white blood cell (WBC), Hg, Hct, Plt, lymphocyte, monocyte, mean platelet volume, PLR, LMR, and NLR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) values were examined and compared in each of the three groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> CRP and WBC values of group 1 (PPROM) were higher than group 2 (TPL) and group 3 (control) (<i>p</i> < 0.05 for both). Pearson correlation between the gestational age and PLR and NLR values was significant (<i>r</i> and <i>p</i> values for PLR and NLR, respectively, <i>r</i> = −0.18, <i>p</i> < 0.001; <i>r</i> = −0.23, <i>p</i> < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding PLR, NLR, LMR, platelet, monocytes, and lymphocyte counts. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Only WBC was a valuable parameter in predicting preterm labor and PPROM. Although there was no significant difference between the groups in PLR and NLR, a negative correlation was found with gestational age at delivery. CRP value is still a helpful parameter in PPROM and TPL prediction.
<b><i>Background:</i></b> We aimed to predict the efficacy of the systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII) in predicting missed abortions. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this retrospective study, we analyzed the data of women diagnosed with a missed abortion between gestational weeks 7–12 at our clinic from January 2018 to December 2021. The control group consisted of women in healthy pregnancies who were at the same gestational weeks. The demographic characteristics of participants, SII (neutrophil count x platelet count/lymphocyte count), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) values were evaluated in both groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 142 missed abortion group and 142 control group were included. SII was found to be statistically significantly higher in the missed abortion group than in the control group (917.1 ± 549.7 and 557.1 ± 193.7, respectively; <i>p</i> < 0.001). In the logistic regression model, SII was found to be an independent predictor of a missed abortion (odds ratio = 2.85, 95% confidence interval: 1.34–4.15, <i>p</i> < 0.001). We found that the diagnostic value of SII (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.765) was higher than PLR (AUC: 0.711) or NLR (AUC: 0.703) alone in patients with a missed abortion. We determined that an SII value of >709.75 predicted the development of a missed abortion with 64.0% sensitivity and 80.9% specificity. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> In recent years, complete blood count parameters have been increasingly used as an indicator of systemic inflammation. Although there are many studies in the literature investigating the relationship of a missed abortion with PLR and NLR, there is limited research evaluating the relationship of this clinical condition with SII. We determined that SII obtained from the combination of lymphocyte, platelet, and neutrophil counts was more valuable than evaluating these parameters by dividing them separately. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our results show that there is a significant relationship between SII and a missed abortion, and therefore SII can be used as a predictive marker of this clinical condition.
Bu çalışmada, ağaç ürünler üretiminde yaygın olarak kullanılan Sarıçam, kestane ve meşe odunu örneklere 150℃’de 5 saat, 170℃’de 4 saat, 190℃’de 3 saat, 210℃’de 2 saatlik sıcaklık ve sürelerle ThermoWood yöntemiyle ısıl işlem uygulanmıştır. Isıl işlemde sıcaklık artarken işlem sürenin azalmasının ahşap özelliklerindeki değişken etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu maksatla üç ahşap türünden toplam 1440 adet örnek hazırlanmıştır. Isıl işlemden sonra örneklere 20℃ sıcaklık %65 nispi nem, 40℃ sıcaklık %35 nispi nem, 10℃ sıcaklık %50 nispi nem şartlarında klimatik işlem uygulanmış ve bu örneklerde ilgili standartlara göre; yoğunluk, eğilme direnci, elastiklik modülü, ısı iletkenlik katsayısı ve ısı geçirgenlik değeri değişimleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, düşük sıcaklık ve uzun süreli ısıl işlem konseptlerinde ahşabın yapısal bozunuma bağlı fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinde kayıpları az iken, yüksek sıcaklık ve kısa süreli ısıl işlem konseptlerinde bu kayıpların daha fazla arttığı, bu nedenle 170℃/4s ve 190℃/3s ısıl işlem konseptlerinin daha uygun olduğu, ahşabın öz yükünün ve ısıl iletkenlik katsayısının azaldığı, yalıtkanlığının ve mekanik direnç değerlerinin artış kaydettiği, ahşap kullanımı için (denge rutubeti bakımından) uygun olan iklim şartının ise 40C/%35 olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
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