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Pre-emptive intraperitoneal local anaesthesia in laparoscopy surgery is a safe, non-invasive procedure that can benefit patients by reducing the immediate post-operative pain intensity and metabolic stress response of the body.

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Different combinations of cations (imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, and ammonium) and anions (basic anions, sulfate, phosphate, and borate) were studied based on the COSMO volume and quantum chemical parameters such as highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO/LUMO) energies, HOMO–LUMO energy gap, global hardness and softness, electronegativity, electrophilicity index, and chemical potential using the density functional theory (DFT) method. Further, the sigma profile and sigma potential for the selected cations and anions were generated using a COSMO-RS model. The activity coefficient at infinite dilution was also studied for the butanol–water system to find a greater degree of nonideality. A feasible entrainer for the azeotrope breaker for a butanol–water system is proposed.

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and is increasing in frequency, representing 1% of all malignancies. Histological subtypes of thyroid cancer—papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic behave differently and require different approaches to treatment. Multidisciplinary decision-making may lead to the offer of a range of treatments including hemithyroidectomy, total thyroidectomy, radioiodine remnant ablation, and neck dissection. Staging systems that permit evidence-based application of these therapeutic modalities are discussed.