Bone marrow aspirations and bone marrow biopsies are important diagnostic procedures. A comparative study of both the procedures done simultaneously was retrospectively reviewed in 160 cases where the clinical history is correlated with BMA and BMB results. The advantage of each method is analyzed. Correlation of our findings with that given in the literature is done to give a guideline for both techniques. We have found that 61.25% of the cases showed a positive correlation between bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy. However, we found that tuberculous granulomas and Hodgkin disease involvement of the marrow were detected better in bone marrow biopsies. The advantage of both the procedures done together provided more material and enabled us to study the cytomorphology of the cells, with the pattern of distribution of the cells depending on the cases. However, when both the procedures are done simultaneously, a proper technique is required so as to yield good diagnostic material.

Introduction: Endometrial specimen for abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the one of the commonest specimens received in histopathology laboratory. Histopathological characteristics of endometrial tissues, as assessed by light microscopy, remains the diagnostic standard for the management of AUB. The objective of study is to find out the histopathological pattern of endometrium in AUB in the light of clinical details.   Methods: This was a prospective observational study carried out in the department of Pathology, Lumbini Medical College Teaching Hospital for a period of two years from June 2014 to May 2016. Formalin fixed endometrial specimens were processed, paraffin embedded, sectioned at 3-4 µm, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and studied under light microscopy along with their demographics. Data were collected, entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.   Results: The study included 100 cases of endometrial biopsy specimens with clinical diagnosis of AUB. Menstrual disturbances was found in wide age range between 17-75 years with the mean age of 45 (SD=13.36) years. Menorrhagia was the commonest (n=60, 60%) clinical presentation. Most (n=85; 85 %) endometrium had non-neoplastic lesions. Among them, normal endometrial patterns were commonest (n=50, 50 %). Neoplastic lesions (n=15, 15%) were distributed in all menstruation status with majority in postmenopause (n=7, 7%) and included malignant cases (n=5, 5%) among others.   Conclusion: Post-menopausal bleeding was common presentation among women with malignant and premalignant disease which was present in 15% of the cases together. Timely evaluation of AUB  by histopathology can be life saving with early tissue diagnosis and management.

Longer duration of CPB initiates plasmin generation through heparin, which raises the PAI-1-tPA complex and thereby down regulating the functions of platelets. This suggests a link between duration of CPB, bleeding, platelet dysfunction and fibrinolysis. Hence serial estimations of the levels of GMP-140 and tPA can predict severe bleeding.

HBeAg status did not necessarily reflect HBV-DNA level in the serum, as 10/91 (11%) in the Hepatitis B group, 2/41 (4.9%) in the immuno compromised group and 20/49 (40.8%) patients in the Chronic Hepatitis B group were positive for HBV-DNA but negative for HBeAg. HBV-DNA was not found to be positive amongst any of the negative controls. Real time - PCR is a sensitive and reproducible assay for HBV-DNA quantitation and may be started in Armed Forces referral centers in the near future.

A retrospective study was carried out where histopathology records of Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pone were scrutinised covering a period of 10 years. We came across 325 cases of nephropathies. The sample comprised of 92.6% adults and 7.4% children. 79.7% were males and 20.3% were females. The patient population comprised of 35.1 % serving soldiers, 37.8% their family members and 27.1 % not related to Armed Forces. The study is based on only light microscopy findings. It was observed that primary glomerular disease was the commonest entity and comprised of 61.5% of all the nephropathies. Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis was not only the commonest primary glomerulopathy (23.5%) but the commonest nephropathy as well. The other primary glomerulopathies in descending order of frequency were, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (22.5%), mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (21.5%), chronic glomerulonephritis (9%), minimal change disease (7.5%), membranous glomerulopathy (7%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (5%) and crescentic glomerulonephritis (4%). We had only 14cases (4.3% of all nephropathies) of secondary glomerulopathies, amongst which amyloidosis was the commonest cause. We came across 2 cases (0.6% of all nephropathies) of Alport's syndrome. In the other nephropathies, 22.2% were tubulointerstitial diseases and 5.5% were malignant kidney tumors. In 5.8% renal biopsies, no significant pathology was seen on light microscopy. MJAFI 2000; 56: 125·129