Background: Soil-transmitted helminth infection (STH) is a parasite infection that involves humans being infected with roundworms by route of soil contamination. One billion individuals are infected with worms, including 568 million school-age children. Helminthiasis in elementary school-aged children was not documented in Musi Rawas Regency. This study's goal was to identify if not wearing footwear increases the incidence of parasitic infection.Methods: The research was a cross-sectional survey, followed by statistical analysis. The study involved elementary school-aged students in Tuah Negeri District, Musi Rawas Regency, in 2021 and at least 200 participants. This study sample consisted of 108 with a purposive sampling method. This study utilized questionnaires and stool examinations using the Kato Katz method. Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.Results: Positive helminth infections amounted to 37,1% of the total (n=108). STH was comprised of 17.6% Ascaris lumbricoides, 9.3% Trichuris trichiura, and 25.9% hookworms. The finding of this research demonstrated a substantial (p = 0.000) relationship between the use of footwear and the advent of parasites. The logistic regression analysis results revealed that the most critical variable influencing the incidence of helminthiasis was not wearing any footwear.Conclusions: The study's findings suggest a correlation between footwear use and the risk of worm infection; as a result, it was recommended that children be thoroughly educated on personal hygiene, specifically footwear use, when using the bathroom.

Introduction. Diabetic retinopathy (RD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus, and is a major cause of blindness in patients aged 20-64 years worldwide. The main principle of the management of RD is to prevent, inhibit and overcome complications that occur. Vitrectomy, laser photocoagulation, intravitreal anti VEGF injection become modalities in RD therapy. If PDR has occurred, vitreous hemorrhage can occur or the retina is attracted by proliferation tissue, vitrectomy should be performed. Case Presentation. The patient is a 52-year-old man who came with the main complaint that both eyes have blurred slowly since ± 6 months ago. Blurred vision is not accompanied by red eyes, there is smoke-like vision. In the past the history of the disease obtained a history of DM 15 years of irregular control and hypertension of 3 years with regular control, a history of spectacles present. The ophthalmological examination of the right eye revealed a vision of 6/30 pH (-), TIOD within normal limits, and a grade II nuclear cataract in the lens. Right eye fundoscopy revealed decreased foveal reflexes and exudates in the macula, dot, blot, flame-shaped bleeding in 4 quadrants of the retina, exudate, venous beading, micro-aneurism. Management in these patients is pars plana vitrectomy, endolaser, and intravenous OS anti-VEGF injection under general anesthesia. Whereas the right eye was intravitreal photocoagulation laser and anti-VEGF laser (done 2 weeks before). Conclusion. A case of advanced left eye PDR with severe NPDR and right eye DME and grade II nuclear cataracts has been described in both eyes. Patients treated with laser photocoagulation in the right eye. In the left eye pars plana vitrectomy, endolaser, and intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Sharp vision of the left eye progressed postoperatively.

Hipertensi merupakan suatu kondisi dimana pembuluh darah mempunyai tekanan yang tinggi. Retinopati hipertensi merupakan salah satu komplikasi hipertensi. Prevalensi retinopati hipertensi bervariasi antara 2%-15%. Data di Indonesia mengenai prevalensi retinopati hipertensi masih minim. Untuk identifikasi dan penegakan diagnosis retinopati hipertensi, dibutuhkan kompetensi seorang dokter spesialis mata. Umumnya dokter spesialis mata tidak banyak ditugaskan di layanan kesehatan primer. Sehingga untuk kasus hipertensi yang dapat diselesaikan di layanan primer seperti Puskesmas, angka retinopati hipertensi yang sesungguhnya tidak diketahui. Selain itu kesadaran pasien yang kurang mengenai pentingnya melakukan pemeriksaan mata secara rutin juga menyebabkan prevalensi retinopati hipertensi tidak diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi retinopati hipertensi pada pasien hipertensi yang berobat ke Puskesmas di Palembang, yaitu Puskesmas Dempo dan Merdeka. Pemeriksaan dilakukan pada 150 pasien hipertensi. Didapatkan 15,3 % pasien dengan retinopati hipertensi dimana 10 % dengan riwayat hipertensi lebih dari 5 tahun dan 5,3 % dengan riwayat hipertensi kurang dari 5 tahun. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pasien dengan retinopati hipertensi yang tidak terdiagnosis di masyarakat. Peran Puskesmas untuk merujuk pasien dengan hipertensi ke dokter spesialis mata sangat penting agar kasus retinopati hipertensi dapat segera terdeteksi.

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BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy is an emerging microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a causes of blindness in individuals between ages 30 and 70 years, which is characterized by increased proliferation of blood vessels, vascular occlusion, angiogenesis, loss of pericytes from retinal capillaries, microaneurysms, retinal bleeding, increased retinal capillary permeability, thickening of capillary basal membranes, and infarcts that affect the retina, induced to permanent blindness. AIM: This study aimed to find the role of receptor advanced glycation end products (RAGE) inhibition in lowering the vascularization process which causes a decrease in retinal function on diabetic retinopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research was an in vivo experimental study. A total of 30 male Wistar rats (200 ± 20 g) were obtained from Eureka Research Laboratory (Palembang, Indonesia). Experimental animals were placed in cages under controlled conditions (12 h of light/dark cycles with temperatures of 22 ± 1°C and humidity of 40–60%), fed and drank ad libitum. White rats were induced by diabetes mellitus using alloxan at a dose of 120 mg/kgBW, intraperitoneally, accompanied by drinking 10% glucose solution for 140 days. Furthermore, experimental animals were grouped into five groups (at eight animals per group), Group 1: Normal control, Group 2: Negative control (induced diabetics retinopathy and given intravenous aquadest), Group 3: Given anti-RAGE 1 ng/mL, Group 4: Given anti-RAGE 10 ng/mL, and Group 5: Given anti-RAGE 100 ng/mL. Giving anti-RAGE was done in a single dosage and intravitreal. After the rats were sacrificed by intraperitoneal injection of 10% chloral hydrate, the evacuation of the eye’s retinal tissue was then carried out, fixed in a 4% paraformaldehyde buffer for immunohistochemistry examination of the eye’s retinal tissue. Evaluation of the expression of nuclear factor-κβ (NF-kB) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) used Image J Software so that the percentage of NF-kB and ICAM-1 expression would be obtained. RESULTS: Negative control group showed an increase in NF-kB expression in the retinal tissue of diabetic retinopathy rats. Administration of anti-RAGE showed its potential to suppress NF-kB expression in retinal tissue of diabetic retinopathy white rats as well with an increase of anti-RAGE dose from 1 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL. Activation of NF-kB causes activation of the inflammatory cascade, which is characterized by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, one of which is ICAM-1. Giving anti-RAGE could suppress the expression of ICAM-1 along with an increase in anti-RAGE dose. CONCLUSION: Anti-RAGE is able to block the inflammatory process, by inhibiting the expression of NF-kB and ICAM-1 in the retinal tissue of diabetics retinopathy in white rats.