Gentamycin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Gentamycin Sulfate is a white powder that is freely soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol, acetone, chloroform and ether. The study aims to determine the characterization and the biological activity of gentamicin in the Nano-form prepared by Sol-gel application using an ultrasound device by aqueous solution at temperature of 80°. Nano gentamycin examined by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission (TEM) and the antibacterial effect test of both Nano and stander gentamycin were analyzed. The results showing that the average size of gentamycin nanoparticles is 68.51 nanometers with homogeneous distribution. The antibacterial effect of Nano gentamycin take a wide inhibition range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the standard substance, the inhibition diameters are for E. coli (29 mm) and for St. epidermidis (27 mm). In the other side the inhibitory ability for standard gentamicin for St. epidrmidis and E. coli were 18 mm and 20 mm, respectively.

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يتعرف الفرد منذ طفولته إلى شيخوخته الى ثقافات تختلف كل الاختلاف عن ثقافته وهي ثقافات تغني معرفته وثقافته العلمية وفي مرحلة المراهقة يتحسس المراهق بالاختلاف اذا كان يتحلى بقدرات فكرية ويتعرض الى مشاعر الاختلاف على الصعيد الثقافي والديني او العرقي اضافة الى احساسه بالاغتراب عندما يكون ضمن جماعات مختلفة عنه بالدين او القيم او الطائفة لذا ارتأت الباحثتان بناء برنامج تربوي في تنمية تقبل الاخر وقد اجري البحث على عينة من (60) طالباً وطالبة موزعين الى (4) مجاميع (2) تجريبية و (2) ضابطة وتم اجراء التكافؤ بين المجاميع الاربعة وقد تم اجراء قياس تقبل الاخر لديهم نحو القوميات والديانات مثل (الاكراد والتركمان والمسيح والازيدية والعرب والشبك) وبعد ذلك طبق عليهم برنامج عن تقبل الاخر لمدة (5) اسابيع وبعد انتهاء البرنامج تم اجراء اختبار بعدي وتوصلت الدراسة الى تحسن كبير في نسب تقبل القويات والديانات الاخرى وفي ضوء النتائج تم صياغة عدد من التوصيات والمقترحات ومن التوصيات تضمين المنهج الدراسي موضوعات ومواقف لتنمية تقبل الاخر واقامة الندوات والدورات التدريبية للتأكيد على تقبل الاخر ومن المقترحات اجراء دراسة عن تقبل العاديين لأقرانهم ذوي الاعاقات المختلفة.

Nanotechnology is a capable approach to enhance the activity of common antimicrobial agent mainly used in human and veterinary drug. Gentamycin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The study aims to determine the characterization and the biological activity of gentamicin in the Nano-form prepared by Sol-gel application using an ultrasound device by aqueous solution at temperature (80)0C. Nano gentamycin examined by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and antibacterial effect of both Nano and stander gentamycin were analyzed. The results showed that the average size of gentamycin nanoparticles was 68.51 nanometers with homogeneous distribution. The EDX showed large number of elements present in the Nano solution. The antibacterial effect of Nano gentamycin took a wide inhibition range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the standard substance, where the inhibition diameter for E.coli was 29 mm, and for St. epidermidis was 27 mm. The MIC of gentamicin nanostructures was the concentration 0.00125 mg/ml.

Sulphamethaxazole is antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections and gives double effect when used with trimethoprim by 1 to 5 of sulphamethaxazole. It has a broad spectrum effect on the positive and negative bacteria of Gram and fungi. The objective of this research is to convert sulfamethasazole to nano sulfamethasazole by Sol-gel method by using additive material like acetic acid, distilled water and ethanol with temperature 80°C and probe sonicator machine as catalyst and hydrolysis factor. Nano sulphamethoxazole solution analyzed by atomic force microscope (AFM) was show average of nano particles at size (50±10) nm. Scanned by TEM and SEM shows nano particles as a band of hollow tubes with a diameter less than 100 nm., beside the EDS pattern show high peaks of sodium, carbon and oxygen along with some other constituents. The antibacterial activity of nano solution shows respectable inhibition activity compared to slandered solution.