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Detection of human telomerase reverse transcriptase in urine by real-time polymerase chain reaction, followed by human telomerase RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, improves sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. However, regarding cost-effectiveness, human telomerase RNA is superior.

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Serum and to a larger extent sputum MMP-2 appear to be potential noninvasive markers for detecting lung cancer.