Mitochondria respond to metabolic demands of the cell and to incremental damage, in part, through dynamic structural changes that include fission (fragmentation), fusion (merging of distinct mitochondria), autophagic degradation (mitophagy), and biogenic interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). High resolution study of mitochondrial structural and functional relationships requires rapid preservation of specimens to reduce technical artifacts coupled with quantitative assessment of mitochondrial architecture. A practical approach for assessing mitochondrial fine structure using two dimensional and three dimensional high‐resolution electron microscopy is presented, and a systematic approach to measure mitochondrial architecture, including volume, length, hyperbranching, cristae morphology, and the number and extent of interaction with the ER is described. These methods are used to assess mitochondrial architecture in cells and tissue with high energy demand, including skeletal muscle cells, mouse brain tissue, and Drosophila muscles. The accuracy of assessment is validated in cells and tissue with deletion of genes involved in mitochondrial dynamics.

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March 10th of 1962, just a little over a week after nearly 3,500 tons of ticker tape confetti showered upon John Glenn in a presidential caliber parade with thousands of attendants in New York City. While the world celebrated Glenn as a national hero, one of the most influential Black newspapers in the United States with a circulation of a quarter of a million people, praised Katherine Johnson as "one of the most brilliant mathematicians of the present era"; a mother, wife, and career-woman whose work in trajectory analysis played a crucial role in the safe return and extraction of John Glenn during his mission as the first American to orbit the Earth.When Margot Lee Shetterly released her 2016 text Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race, which inspired the award-winning film, Katherine Johnson's story was catapulted to the forefront, no longer hidden from the greater American consciousness. It took a popular film, created 60 years after she had

Given a certain factorization property of a ring [Formula: see text], we can ask if this property extends to the polynomial ring over [Formula: see text] or vice versa. For example, it is well known that [Formula: see text] is a unique factorization domain if and only if [Formula: see text] is a unique factorization domain. If [Formula: see text] is not a domain, this is no longer true. In this paper, we survey unique factorization in commutative rings with zero divisors, and characterize when a polynomial ring over an arbitrary commutative ring has unique factorization.

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