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Frank1 in 1794 first gave a definition for diabetes insipidus when he described it as a long-continued abnormally increased secretion of non-saccharine urine which is not caused by a diseased condition of the kidneys. Thomas Willis,2 however, had previously recognized a distinction between a saccharine and a non\x=req-\ saccharine diabetes by discovering the fact that, in certain cases of polyuria, the urine had a sweet taste. The two first cases of diabetes insipidus, reports of which were collected and published in English, were recorded by Dr. Simmons3 two years before Frank's work appeared, and are of such historical importance that it is of interest to quote them in some detail. AN ACCOUNT OF TWO CASES OF POLYDIPSIA, OR EXCESSIVE THIRST "Almost all the modern nosologists have introduced into their systems a disease, to which, on account of the excessive thirst that forms its characteristic symptom, they gave the name of polydipsia; but in none of the examples of it they have been able to collect does it appear to have been idiopathic; and Dr. Cullen expressly says that it is almost always symptomatic. A very curious instance, however, of such an affection, apparently depend ing on a peculiarity of temperament, or what is called idiosyncracy, occurs in a woman now living in Paris, of whose case the first account was given by M. Bessejon de la Chassagne, in a letter which we shall here translate from the Paris Journal of May 1, 1789." "Paris, April 18, 1789. "To the Authors of the Journal, "Gentlemen:-You will interest equally the humanity and curiosity of the public, by inserting in your Journal the following anecdote, which, without doubt, will be considered as a phenomenon. I have assured myself, with the most scrupulous accuracy, of the facts which I announce, but I leave to the reader to explain their nature and cause. "Catherine Bonsergent has been remarked from her tenderest years. A burning thirst, a drought without example, with which she has been con

BackgroundDietary interventions have limited success in promoting sustainable weight loss; new treatments allowing better compliance with hypocaloric diets should be developed. The aim of this trial is to describe the effects of a protocol combining repetitive active transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with a hypocaloric diet on weight loss and food consumption in overweight or obese adults.Methods/designOverweight or obese adults between 20 and 50 years of age with stable weight over the last 4 months will be selected for a 4-week randomized clinical trial of fixed-dose tDCS (20 sessions; 5 consecutive weekdays/wk, 2 mA, 20 minutes) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associated with a weight loss diet. The subjects will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio and stratified by sex to active tDCS + diet or sham tDCS + diet. The study will be conducted at the Endocrine and Metabolism Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. The primary outcome is weight loss. Energy and macronutrient consumption, as well as adherence to the diet, will be assessed using 3-day weighed dietary records. Changes in blood glucose and plasma insulin will be assessed, and participants will complete self-report questionnaires to assess changes in mood and food behavior. All analyses will be done on a per-protocol and intention-to-treat basis.DiscussionThis study explores the potential role of tDCS as an adjunctive treatment with a hypocaloric diet for obesity management.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02683902. Registered on 11 January 2016.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2776-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Parole chiave: migrazione neuronale, eterotopia, sostanza grigia, organogenesi RIASSUNTO-I disturbi di migrazione neuronale sono classificati tra i disturbi dell'organogenesi. Sono compresi in questo gruppo di anomalie il complesso agiria-pachigiria (lissencefalia) , la pachigiria, la schizencefalia, l'eterotopia di sostanza grigia.Qualunque insulto di natura vascolare, infettiva, ejo teratogena puo interrompere il complesso processo della migrazione neuronale in un'epoca che va dalla 6a alla 15a settimana di eta gestazionale.Le anomalie sono state classificate seguendo il criteria cronologico, dalle piu precoci alle piu tardive, e saranno riportati i dati della nostra personale esperienza, basata sullo studio di 28 casi: 16 complessi agiria-pachigiria, 6 schizencefalie, 3 micropoligirie, 3 eterotopie di sostanza grigia.SUMMARY-Neuronal migration disorders are classified as organogenesis disturbance. This group of disorders comprises the agyria-pachigyria complex (lissencephalia) , pachigyria, schizencephaly and heretopias of neurons. Hemimegaencephaly, frequently reported among them, is a disorder of neuronal organization with subsequent migrational anomalies.From the proliferative zones along the lateral ventricle walls, the neuroblasts migrate toward the cerebral surfaces. The process begins at the 6th week and ends at 15th week of the gestational period.Any insult of vascular, infectious and/or terathogenic origin can interrupt this complicated and intricate process and, depending on time, will produce different entities, sometimes associated.We utilize the chronologic criterium to classif y the disorders and we report our personal experience based on 28 cases: 15 agyria-pachigyria complexes, 5 schizencephalies, 3 micropoligyrias and 3 gray matter heterotopias.The MR study of these anomalies must be necessarily multiplanar with a slice thickness of 5-7 mm. max and with sequences adequate to visualize the gray and white matter and their fingerlike extensions and ratio. In schizencephaly, the disorder occurred at the 2nd month of gestational age, there is -a transversal, frequently bilateral, cleft with pachigyric borders in direct communication with ventricles (open lips variety) or a difficult-to-iden,tify cleft with gray matter kissing borders ( closed lips variety ). Lissencephaly, better known as agyria-pa'chigyria complex, occurs at the 3rd month and mantains the fetal cortex organization of 4 layers with' smooth cerebral contours and non-digitated gray matter-white matter junction.The absent or reduced neuronal proliferation and organization cause hypoplasia of the stations of the corticospinal and interhemispheric projections (white matter, corpus callosum and brainstem).Micropoligyria is a disorder rarely pure, more frequently associated with other malformations. The anomaly occurs in the second trimester of pregnancy .Only an accurate study of the cortex reveals the abTJormal, excessJve giration and mild reduction of gray matter-white matter interdigitations.Heterotopias of the neurons are not rare fi...