Leiomyoma, benign tumors of smooth muscle origin, is one of the commonest uterine tumours in the reproductive age group and originates from the myometrium. While most leiomyomas are asymptomatic, they can grow and cause heavy and painful menstruation, painful sexual intercourse and urinary frequency and urgency. Extra uterine leiomyomas are rare, usually benign, they may theoretically arise from any anatomic site containing smooth muscle. Their presence in pre-peritoneal or within the anterior abdominal wall muscles is extremely uncommon and often masquerades as an adnexal mass leading to dilemmas in diagnosis.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

There are a multitude of mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension in CKD. The most important is the rennin angiotensin axis and the renal autoregulation. However the role of other mechanism like the sympathetic nervous system overactivity, drugs, endothelial dysfunction, genetics and oxidative stress cannot be ignored. In this article, we present a detailed description of the various mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension in CKD.