Identity construction is another name for individuation. Individuation is the development of separate personality at a particular stage of life in which individual characteristics are possessed by a person or a person is known to others. Among adolescents identity is of great importance because it is the first time when physical development, cognitive skills and social expectations coincide that enable adolescents to understand childhood identifications in order to construct a viable pathway toward their adulthood. Personal identity develops with the changes in the adolescent brain. Identity in simple term is one's sense of self. Building of complete identity involves clarification of one's morals, ethics, and standards, as well as a commitment to a future occupation. But sometimes, adolescents pass through a stage of disorientation and role confusion and are known to be in identity crises. For the better identity construction try to engage adolescents in warm and open communication; initiate discussions that promote high-level of thinking at home and also at school; provide them opportunities to talk with adults and peers; accept the adolescent for who she or he is; encourage a young person's self-expression; take the adolescent's point of view into account.

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The present study assessed and compared the emotional maturity of adolescents in orphanages, single parent families and intact families. The sample comprised of 300 respondents in the age group of 14-16 years, from the four selected cities of Punjab (Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Patiala, and Hoshiarpur). 100 school going adolescents were picked from the selected orphanages and 100 adolescents were selected under both single parent families and intact families from the government schools. The sample was equally distributed across both the genders (50 each). Emotional maturity of adolescents was assessed by administering Emotional Maturity Scale. The study revealed that overall, more numbers of orphans were found emotionally immature. Adolescents living with intact families were significantly more emotionally progressed, socially adjusted, independent and overall analysis also showed that they were more emotionally mature. In order to cultivate emotional maturity of adolescents, parents or care takers should try to become a good and effective listener, avoid comparisons, teach the problem solving skills and model a good behavior in front of adolescents.

The present study assessed and compared the self-esteem of adolescents in orphanages, singleparent families, and intact families. The relationship between self-esteem and adolescent adjustment was also examined. The sample consisted of 300 adolescents in the age group of 14-16 years, from the four selected cities of Punjab (Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Patiala, and Hoshiarpur). Out of the 300 respondents, 100 school going adolescents were randomly picked from the selected orphanages and rest 200 adolescents were selected from the government schools (From intact families=100 adolescents and from single parent families=100 adolescents). The sample was equally distributed across both the genders (Boys=50 and Girls=50). The study findings concluded that as such no significant difference was observed in the self -esteem of adolescents living in orphanages, single-parent families, and intact families. A significant positive correlation between overall self-esteem and adjustment was reported only by the boys of singleparent families. In order to boost the self -esteem of adolescents, parents/caretakers should set boundaries for adolescents and expect them to follow rules; parents/caretakers should be generous with praise with the child; theyshould encourage the child for involvement in extra-curricular activities and be extremely friendly with them for understanding them better.