Nitrogen heterocycles have found a key role in biologically active natural products. Pyridones, specifically 2‐pyridone and 2,4‐dihydoxypyridine are an extensive class of compounds with reported occurrence in many natural products. Therefore, the methods for generation of functionalized pyridones are of great interest since their discovery. From traditional coupling to transition metal catalyzed C−H functionalization and transition metal free C−H functionalization, this field has witnessed enormous growth. In the present review, we aim to present a comprehensive overview of pyridone functionalization for young researchers and invite the scientific community to come up with more environment friendly, economic and transition metal free methodologies for corresponding functionalizations.

No abstract

Bovine tropical theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata is an economically important disease of cattle in India. The disease has assumed paramount importance with the intensification of cross-breeding programmes aimed at enhancing milk production in the country. To control this disease, a cell culture vaccine was developed in this department by continuous passaging of T. annulata (Hisar) schizonts in vitro. Current work in this department has concentrated on the epidemiology of theileriosis: development of the cell culture vaccine for very young calves and pregnant cows; evaluation of serological responses using immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) tests and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent antibody assays (ELISA); studies on the duration of immunity stimulated by the cell culture vaccine; the immune/susceptible status of calves born to vaccinated dams. Results have shown the following. Clinical cases of theileriosis were mainly observed in young calves below two months of age followed by adults in exotic and cross-bred animals. Amongst indigenous animals, only young calves below two months of age suffered from clinical disease. Clinical cases of theileriosis mainly occurred between the months of April to October. The T. annulata schizont cell culture vaccine developed in the department was extensively used in the susceptible calves and pregnant/lactating cows in the field. Sufficiently high antibody titres were detected by both schizont as well as piroplasm antigen using both ELISA and IFAT. The results indicated that the vaccine was safe, potent and effective for all breeds and age groups of cattle under field conditions. ELISA was standardised for T. annulata using three antigens, viz.: soluble piroplasm, soluble schizont and cellular schizont antigens. Comparison of results with IFAT showed that ELISA is more sensitive, objective, reliable and specific as well as less cumbersome than IFAT. Piroplasm, cellular schizont and soluble schizont antigens were found to be suitable for the detection of antitheilerial antibodies as per their order in ELISA. Studies on the duration of immunity stimulated by the T. annulata schizont cell culture vaccine indicated that immunity started waning after six months. Calves born of dams immunised against T. annulata with the cell culture vaccine were found to be fully susceptible to theileriosis soon after birth. This indicated that there was no passive transfer of immunity from dams to their offspring through colostrum.

No abstract

No abstract